Answers
Population Characteristics - ANSWER demographics - education level, age; socio-
economics morbidity related to ethnic and gender gaps, social morbidity, social
determinants of health
Political Climate - ANSWER elected officials, current party dominance, social
healthcare policy, interest groups
Technology development - ANSWER engineering science, information science,
applied mathematics, IoT coverage and access
Physical Environment - ANSWER Pollution, sanitation, workplaces, neighborhoods
What are the challenging areas of healthcare continuum of care? - ANSWER 1-Lack of
Coordination
2-Healthcare Users on their own
3-Service Coordination
What are the types of service on health continuum? - ANSWER 1-Well - preventative
care, primary care 2-At Risk - acute care
3-At risk mild - specialty care
4-Early Chronic - chronic care
5-Late Chronic - long-term care
6-Terminal - end of life care
Supply Sensitive Care - a driver of utilization - ANSWER Care decisions are strongly
influenced by capacity, rather than medical evidence or severity of illness. Decisions
depend on the number of available hospital beds, clinics, CT scanners, doctors.. Also
based on competition, supplier promotional efforts and influences in supply variations
impacting cost of care delivered.
Preference Sensitive Care - a driver of utilization - ANSWER Care selection and
selection frequency driven in large measure by the physician opinion.
What are misalignment with healthcare user and hospitals? - ANSWER 1-focus on
cost
2-drivers of service utilization
3-financing mechanism
, What are the Foundational Ideas for Change? - ANSWER 1 - Triple Aim
2 - Transparency in cost - gave way to Meaningful Use and now Promoting
Interoperability
3 - Understand Production Cost - gave way to Activity Based Costing (ABC type
analysis)
4- Community Based Services
Disruptive Innovation - ANSWER disrupts and replaces existing markets with ways of
working or products previously not thought of as possible, now are possible due to new
technology or other catalysts.
Disruptive Innovation - ANSWER Examples are- telehealth, retail health, pharma firms
exploring more direct connections with healthcare users,
PHI - ANSWER Protected Health Information
PHI - ANSWER a subset of patient level data, composed of 18 unique identifiers - any
of the 18 identifiers by themselves or in combination must be removed to de-identify the
individual/patient.
HIPAA - ANSWER Sections include privacy rule and security
HIPAA - ANSWER Applies to organizations that are defined as a covered entity and
directly to business associates as well
HIPAA - ANSWER Signed into law in 1996, and revised by 2013 Omnibus Rule
HITECH - ANSWER Allows for sanctions for non-compliance, including fines of up to
$1.75 million and 10 years prison
HITECH - ANSWER Covers application to both CE and individuals
HITECH - ANSWER Covers application of the rule to business associate contractors
HIPAA & HITECH - ANSWER Covers how PHI is handed and protected.
Top Challenges confronting Hospital - ANSWER 1 - Financial challenges
2- Governmental Mandates & Patient safety and quality
3- Personnel shortage
What are the main functions for organization? - ANSWER operations, finance, and