KSU Biology 1108 Final Exam 2025

Gram negative - -Peptidoglycin is between layers Gram positive - -Peptidoglycin is on the outside Shared Characteristics of Prokaryotes - -lack organized nucleus/membrane bound organelles, nucleoid, Cell wall, very small in size as compared to eukaryotes Eukaryotes are closer to? - -Archaea protista - -paraphyletic Prokaryotes - -Paraphyletic Embryophytes - -monophyletic Basal angiosperms - -monophyletic Vascular Plants - -monophyletic seed plants - -monophyletic non vascular - -paraphyletic Excavata plastids - -green alga Stramenopiles/Alveolates plastids - -red alga Rhizaria plastids - -green alga Archaeplastida plastids - -cyanobacterium Diseases from bacteria - -Chlamydia, Lyme, food poisoning, E. Coli, Strept Diseases from excavata - -Giardia, trichomoniasis, Trypansome, African Sleeping Sickness, Chagas, Brain eating amoebas Diseases from SAR - -Malaria, toxoplasmosis Eukaryotic multicellularity supergroup - -Archaeplastida Chlorophytes - -saltwater BIOLOGY BIOLOGY BIOLOGY Streptophytes - -Land plants Chlorophyte/streptophyte diversification (MYA) - -850-500MYA When is land colonized by plants? - -500-400 MYA Seed plant origin - -400-65 MYA Flowering Plant diversification - -150-100 MYA Most dominant embryophytes - -Flowering plants Plasmodesmata - -Holes in cell wall that interconnect different plant cells Phragmoplast - -where the cell plate forms during cell division Byrophytes (what/life stage) - -Liverworts, hornworts, mosses..... haploid gametophyte is dominant life stage Lycophytes (what/life stage) - -Spikemosses, Quillworts, Clubmosses......diploid sporophyte is dominant lifestage Ferns (what/life stage) - -Closest relative to seed plants.......sporophyte is dominant life stage Evolution of seed plants - -Green alga Embryophytes Vascular plants Lycophytes Ferns seed plants Conifers - -male and female cones Cycads - -Separate male and female plants Ginkgo - -Separate male and female plants.... males used as ornamental plants Gnetophytes - -Separate male and female plants Basal Angiosperm Characteristics - -Leaves are vein like, ring arranged vascular tissue, one main root, one pollen opening Monocot characteristics - -one cotyledon, parallel veins, scattered tissue, no main root, one pollen opening Eudicot Characteristics - -two cotyledons, netlike veins, ring ranged vascular tissue, three pollen openings First branching angiosperm lineage - -Amborella BIOLOGY Bees as pollinators - -Consume a lot of pollen so some pants will hide it from them Butterflies/moths as pollinators - -tubular flowers..... most flowers are white and produce scent at night Flies as pollinators - -dead animal like flowers Bats as pollinators - -study, white flowers, fragrant at night Hummingbirds as pollinators - -red flowers, tubular, no fragrance wind as pollinators - -flowers that create a lot of allergies, green flowers that lack petals Pseudocopulatory - -Orchids trick bees into mating with them to induce pollination Plant primary growth - -shoot and meristem (area of rapid cell division) Plant secondary growth - -growth in the stem.... create of xylem (dead) and phloem (living) Importance of transpiration - -Pulls nutrients up towards top of plant and allows CO2 to enter Chytridiomycota - -live in water.... home to disease that kills amphibians Zygomycota - -spores made from zygote Glomeromycota - -grow inside plant root cells (go between wall and membrane) Porifera - -Sponges Cnidaria - -aquatic animals Platyhelminthes - -flatworms Mollusca - -snails, slugs, oysters, squid Annelida - -segmented worms.... earthworms, leeches, tubeworms Nematoda - -roundworms Anthropoda - -animals with exoskeleton Echniodermata - -slow moving marine animals BIOLOGY BIOLOGY Chordata - -notochord Lepidosaurs - -snakes, lizards, tuataras Closest relative to myself? - -Platyheminthes Model organism? - -C. Elegans from nematoda 4 synapomorphies of chordates - -notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord,, muscular post anal tail and gill slits Major steps of evolution - -notochordheadvertebral columnjawslungsLobed finslimbs with digitsamniotic eggmilk How are lobe fins, ray fins, cartilaginous fish, lancelets, and starfish related? - -Common ancestor is where head and vertebral column formed Synapmorphies of mammals - -mammary glands, hair all over body, warm blooded Monotremes - -egg laying mammals Marsupials - -Mammals that birth early and develop in a sac Placental - -mammals that develop in mother completely Epithelia Tissue - -Lines all organs, cavities and outside of body Nerve Tissue - -Enables rapid cell to cell communication over long distances Muscle Tissue - -smooth, cardiac, and skeletal Connective Tissue - -cartilage, blood, fat, bone...... support and bind other tissues Homeostasis - -Maintaining a constant internal env