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KIN 2236 FINAL EXAM LATEST 2025 ACTUAL EXAM WITH COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (100% VERIFIED
ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+| ||PROFESSOR VERIFIED||
||BRANDNEW!!!||
What are other options besides stitches? - ANSWER-- Steri-strips
- Butterfly bandage
-- these promote healing by approximating sides of the wound
together
What is the order of structures of the scalp? - ANSWER-- scalp
- cranium
- dura mater
- arachnoid
- subarachnoid space
- pia mater
- cerebral cortex
Head Injuries - ANSWER-- Brain injuries occur as a result of
direct blow causing:
1. Compressive force
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2. Tensile (negative pressure) force
3. Shearing
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) - ANSWER-- acts to convert focal force
into compressive stress dissipated over the brains full surface
- has minimal impact on shearing force, especially when
combined with rotation
Battle sign - Periauricular Ecchymosis - ANSWER-- a sign of brain
injury like bleeding or skull fracture
- periauricular -- around the external ear
- ecchymosis -- bleeding under the skin
- late finding (24-48hrs)
-- this is because the bruising needs to progress to this area
Racoon Eyes (Periorbital Ecchymosis) - ANSWER-- Periorbital:
around the eye
- Ecchymosis: Bleeding under the skin
- Late finding (24-48 hrs)
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- this is also a sign of brain bleeding or skull fracture
- look for MOI of trauma to skull and not trauma to eye
- this is bruising around eyes
Halo Sign - ANSWER-- Clear drainage that separates from bloody
drainage suggests the presence of cerebrospinal fluid
-- is there any leakage?
--- Out of ear or out of nose: Get gauze, dip in blood and see if its
red or green/yellow drainage in a halo around it
---- If there is, it's probably a skull fracture
Pupil Reactions and Possible Causes - ANSWER-- Pupils equal
and reactive to light -- normal (PEARL -- normal!!)
-- equal but dilated/unresponsive
-- Cardiac arrest, CNS injury
- Equal bu constricted/unresponsive
- CNS injury or disease
- Unequal, one dilated/unresponsive -- cerebrovascular accident
(CVA), head injury, direct trauma to the eye
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Epidural Hematoma - ANSWER-- Bruise/hematoma on the other
side (tear, bruise forms, takes no time)
-- as it grows, it puts pressure on brain
- Cause of Injury
-- blow to head or a skull fracture which tears meningeal arteries
-- blood accumulation and creation of hematoma and pressure
occur rapidly (minutes to hours)
Signs of injury of an Epidural Hematoma - ANSWER-- May or
may not have brief loss of conciousness followed by a period of
lucidity. During this period, they may not display clear signs +
symptoms of serious head injury
- Gradual progression of signs and symptoms
- Severe head pain, dizziness, nausea, dilation of one pupil
(anisocoria), occurring on same side as injury, deterioration of
consciousness, depression of pulse and respiration and
convulsion
KIN 2236 FINAL EXAM LATEST 2025 ACTUAL EXAM WITH COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (100% VERIFIED
ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+| ||PROFESSOR VERIFIED||
||BRANDNEW!!!||
What are other options besides stitches? - ANSWER-- Steri-strips
- Butterfly bandage
-- these promote healing by approximating sides of the wound
together
What is the order of structures of the scalp? - ANSWER-- scalp
- cranium
- dura mater
- arachnoid
- subarachnoid space
- pia mater
- cerebral cortex
Head Injuries - ANSWER-- Brain injuries occur as a result of
direct blow causing:
1. Compressive force
,2|Page
2. Tensile (negative pressure) force
3. Shearing
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) - ANSWER-- acts to convert focal force
into compressive stress dissipated over the brains full surface
- has minimal impact on shearing force, especially when
combined with rotation
Battle sign - Periauricular Ecchymosis - ANSWER-- a sign of brain
injury like bleeding or skull fracture
- periauricular -- around the external ear
- ecchymosis -- bleeding under the skin
- late finding (24-48hrs)
-- this is because the bruising needs to progress to this area
Racoon Eyes (Periorbital Ecchymosis) - ANSWER-- Periorbital:
around the eye
- Ecchymosis: Bleeding under the skin
- Late finding (24-48 hrs)
,3|Page
- this is also a sign of brain bleeding or skull fracture
- look for MOI of trauma to skull and not trauma to eye
- this is bruising around eyes
Halo Sign - ANSWER-- Clear drainage that separates from bloody
drainage suggests the presence of cerebrospinal fluid
-- is there any leakage?
--- Out of ear or out of nose: Get gauze, dip in blood and see if its
red or green/yellow drainage in a halo around it
---- If there is, it's probably a skull fracture
Pupil Reactions and Possible Causes - ANSWER-- Pupils equal
and reactive to light -- normal (PEARL -- normal!!)
-- equal but dilated/unresponsive
-- Cardiac arrest, CNS injury
- Equal bu constricted/unresponsive
- CNS injury or disease
- Unequal, one dilated/unresponsive -- cerebrovascular accident
(CVA), head injury, direct trauma to the eye
, 4|Page
Epidural Hematoma - ANSWER-- Bruise/hematoma on the other
side (tear, bruise forms, takes no time)
-- as it grows, it puts pressure on brain
- Cause of Injury
-- blow to head or a skull fracture which tears meningeal arteries
-- blood accumulation and creation of hematoma and pressure
occur rapidly (minutes to hours)
Signs of injury of an Epidural Hematoma - ANSWER-- May or
may not have brief loss of conciousness followed by a period of
lucidity. During this period, they may not display clear signs +
symptoms of serious head injury
- Gradual progression of signs and symptoms
- Severe head pain, dizziness, nausea, dilation of one pupil
(anisocoria), occurring on same side as injury, deterioration of
consciousness, depression of pulse and respiration and
convulsion
