Problem 3
Eysenck, Reisberg, Baddeley
Article: Fake news game confers psychological resistance against online misinformation by
Roozenbeek and van der Linden
Amnesia: condition caused by brain damage in which there is severe impairment of long-
term memory
- Most common cause is closed head injury, another factor is bilateral stroke
- Experimental research for memory has focused of Korsakoff’s syndrome patients:
- Korsakoff’s syndrome: amnesia due to chronic alcohol abuse
Amnesic syndrome consists of the following features:
- Anterograde amnesia: impairment in the ability to encode, store or retrieve new
information learned after the onset of amnesia
- Retrograde amnesia: problems in remembering events occurring prior to the onset
of amnesia
- Slightly impaired short-term memory on measures such as digit span
- Some remaining learning ability after the onset of amnesia
Declarative vs non-declarative memory
- Declarative / Explicit: involves conscious recollection of events (episodic memory)
and facts (semantic memory)
o Episodic memory: personal experiences in a given place and at a specific time
o Semantic memory: general knowledge about the world, concepts etc.
- Non-declarative / Implicit: obtained by observing changes in behavior
o Procedural memory: knowing how to perform certain actions
o Priming: processing of a stimulus is influenced by the prior presentation of a
stimulus related to it
ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA
Implicit vs explicit
- Amnesic patients have great difficulties forming explicit memories but can readily
form implicit ones
- Example: shakes hands with pin, next time withdraws hand even though she doesn’t
remember the encounter
- Patients are plainly (implicitly) influenced by specific episodes in the past even
though they have no conscious (explicit) recollection of those episodes
- The same evidence also comes from the reverse situation in which patients have
impaired implicit memory but a normal level of explicit memory
Episodic vs semantic memory
- Amnesic patients have impaired episodic memory in most cases, but many of them
have less severe problems with semantic memory
- Retrograde amnesia is greater for episodic than semantic memories
- Consolidation theory for retrograde amnesia:
, o There is a long-lasting physiological consolidation of episodic memories in the
hippocampus, after a long time these memories are stored somewhere else
and that’s why they are not affected from the damage
- Semanticisation:
o Episodic memories become like semantic memories over time (like remote
memories formed years before) thus protecting them from the damage
- Episodic memories depend on a single learning experience, however semantic
memories depend on several experiences
- Semantic dementia (reverse):
o Patients have severe loss of concept knowledge from semantic memory but
their episodic memory is reasonably intact
o Evidence point for double dissociation:
Demands a distinction between episodic and semantic memory
- Interdependence of semantic and episodic:
o Both involve similar brain regions and use the same neural network to
retrieve declarative memories
o They might be interdependent with respect to learning
RETROGRADE AMNESIA
- Impaired capacity to retrieve old memories
- The severity is not as bad as anterograde amnesia
- Measuring the degree of retrograde amnesia:
o Many scales have used news, tv shows, celebrities etc. but that knowledge
varies across patients
o Alternative method is requesting autobiographical recollections
o Autobiographical memory interview (AMI): factual questions of episodic
recollections
- Confabulation: reported information is false
o Provoked confabulation: occurs as a result of an amnestic patient’s attempt to
fill in the gap in knowledge, to avoid embarrassment
Explaining retrograde amnesia: 3 theories all about the hippocampus and the surrounding
regions that play a role in memory consolidation
- Hippocampal consolidation:
o A relatively rapid process
o operates at the cellular and subcellular level
o involves initial encoding within the hippocampus
- Systems consolidation:
o Involved in gradually transferring information from the hippocampus to other
brain regions for more long-term storage
- Multiple Trace Hypothesis:
o Argues for the role of hippocampus in retrieval as well as encoding
- Retrograde amnesia is assumed to result from partial damage to the hippocampus
removing available traces
Traumatic brain injury and PTA
Eysenck, Reisberg, Baddeley
Article: Fake news game confers psychological resistance against online misinformation by
Roozenbeek and van der Linden
Amnesia: condition caused by brain damage in which there is severe impairment of long-
term memory
- Most common cause is closed head injury, another factor is bilateral stroke
- Experimental research for memory has focused of Korsakoff’s syndrome patients:
- Korsakoff’s syndrome: amnesia due to chronic alcohol abuse
Amnesic syndrome consists of the following features:
- Anterograde amnesia: impairment in the ability to encode, store or retrieve new
information learned after the onset of amnesia
- Retrograde amnesia: problems in remembering events occurring prior to the onset
of amnesia
- Slightly impaired short-term memory on measures such as digit span
- Some remaining learning ability after the onset of amnesia
Declarative vs non-declarative memory
- Declarative / Explicit: involves conscious recollection of events (episodic memory)
and facts (semantic memory)
o Episodic memory: personal experiences in a given place and at a specific time
o Semantic memory: general knowledge about the world, concepts etc.
- Non-declarative / Implicit: obtained by observing changes in behavior
o Procedural memory: knowing how to perform certain actions
o Priming: processing of a stimulus is influenced by the prior presentation of a
stimulus related to it
ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA
Implicit vs explicit
- Amnesic patients have great difficulties forming explicit memories but can readily
form implicit ones
- Example: shakes hands with pin, next time withdraws hand even though she doesn’t
remember the encounter
- Patients are plainly (implicitly) influenced by specific episodes in the past even
though they have no conscious (explicit) recollection of those episodes
- The same evidence also comes from the reverse situation in which patients have
impaired implicit memory but a normal level of explicit memory
Episodic vs semantic memory
- Amnesic patients have impaired episodic memory in most cases, but many of them
have less severe problems with semantic memory
- Retrograde amnesia is greater for episodic than semantic memories
- Consolidation theory for retrograde amnesia:
, o There is a long-lasting physiological consolidation of episodic memories in the
hippocampus, after a long time these memories are stored somewhere else
and that’s why they are not affected from the damage
- Semanticisation:
o Episodic memories become like semantic memories over time (like remote
memories formed years before) thus protecting them from the damage
- Episodic memories depend on a single learning experience, however semantic
memories depend on several experiences
- Semantic dementia (reverse):
o Patients have severe loss of concept knowledge from semantic memory but
their episodic memory is reasonably intact
o Evidence point for double dissociation:
Demands a distinction between episodic and semantic memory
- Interdependence of semantic and episodic:
o Both involve similar brain regions and use the same neural network to
retrieve declarative memories
o They might be interdependent with respect to learning
RETROGRADE AMNESIA
- Impaired capacity to retrieve old memories
- The severity is not as bad as anterograde amnesia
- Measuring the degree of retrograde amnesia:
o Many scales have used news, tv shows, celebrities etc. but that knowledge
varies across patients
o Alternative method is requesting autobiographical recollections
o Autobiographical memory interview (AMI): factual questions of episodic
recollections
- Confabulation: reported information is false
o Provoked confabulation: occurs as a result of an amnestic patient’s attempt to
fill in the gap in knowledge, to avoid embarrassment
Explaining retrograde amnesia: 3 theories all about the hippocampus and the surrounding
regions that play a role in memory consolidation
- Hippocampal consolidation:
o A relatively rapid process
o operates at the cellular and subcellular level
o involves initial encoding within the hippocampus
- Systems consolidation:
o Involved in gradually transferring information from the hippocampus to other
brain regions for more long-term storage
- Multiple Trace Hypothesis:
o Argues for the role of hippocampus in retrieval as well as encoding
- Retrograde amnesia is assumed to result from partial damage to the hippocampus
removing available traces
Traumatic brain injury and PTA
