1. Specialisation - ANSWER Stem cells can specialise to perform specific functions
2. Stem cells - ANSWER Found in embryos and meristems
3. Embryo Clones - ANSWER Make clone of an embryo of a person, extract stem
cells
4. Done so they won't be rejected
5. Diffusion - ANSWER Movement of particles down the concentration gradient
6. Passive- no energy
7. Increase: difference in concentrations, surface area, temperature
8. Osmosis - ANSWER Diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane to
balance concentration of solutions
9. Active transport - ANSWER Movement of particles through a membrane via
carrier proteins
10. Osmosis practical - ANSWER Weigh identical vegetable pieces and place in
varying concentrations of sugar solutions
11. Organisation of human systems - ANSWER Cell, tissue, organ, organ system
12. DS: Mouth - ANSWER Teeth break down food mechanically
13. Saliva contains amylase
14. DS: Stomach - ANSWER Churns food together with hydrochloric acid and
enzymes
15. DS: Liver - ANSWER Produces blue- stored in gall bladder before going to small
intestine
16. Bile emulsifies lipids into small droplets, increasing surface area for better
digestion
17. DS: Pancreas - ANSWER Secretes amylase which breaks down starch into
glucose in the small intestine
18. DS: Small intestine - ANSWER Nutrients absorbed by villi
19. However starch is too large
20. DS: Large intestine - ANSWER Water absorbed
21. Enzymes - ANSWER Special proteins that act as biological catalysts, breaking
down molecules into shorter ones (polymers to monomers)
, 22. Enzyme Denaturation - ANSWER Temperature increases enzyme activity until
denature (when the active site changes shape)
23. Digestive enzymes - ANSWER Carbohydrases break down carbohydrates into
simple sugars
24. Enzyme practical - ANSWER Mix amylase and starch, start timer
25. Food tests - ANSWER Starch- iodine turns black
26. Lung components - ANSWER Trachea: wind pipe
27. Alveoli - ANSWER Large surface area for gas exchange
28. Circulatory system type - ANSWER Double circulatory system: blood enters
heart twice every time it is pumped around the body
29. Right side of heart - ANSWER deoxygenated blood
30. Left side of heart - ANSWER oxygenated blood
31. Heart adaptations - ANSWER Thicker wall on left ventricle for higher pressure to
pump blood
32. Artery - ANSWER carries blood away from the heart
33. Thick walls, thin lumen to withstand pressure
34. Capillary - ANSWER 1 cell thick for fast diffusion
35. Vein - ANSWER Carries blood back to heart
36. Blood carries - ANSWER Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
37. Everything except oxygen is dissolved into plasma
38. CVD - ANSWER cardiovascular disease
39. Pros of stents - ANSWER Blood flow to heart muscle cells is increased
40. Cons of stents - ANSWER Risk of infection
41. Risk of blood clots
42. Pros of statins - ANSWER Not invasive
43. Cons of statins - ANSWER Side effects- muscle pain
2. Stem cells - ANSWER Found in embryos and meristems
3. Embryo Clones - ANSWER Make clone of an embryo of a person, extract stem
cells
4. Done so they won't be rejected
5. Diffusion - ANSWER Movement of particles down the concentration gradient
6. Passive- no energy
7. Increase: difference in concentrations, surface area, temperature
8. Osmosis - ANSWER Diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane to
balance concentration of solutions
9. Active transport - ANSWER Movement of particles through a membrane via
carrier proteins
10. Osmosis practical - ANSWER Weigh identical vegetable pieces and place in
varying concentrations of sugar solutions
11. Organisation of human systems - ANSWER Cell, tissue, organ, organ system
12. DS: Mouth - ANSWER Teeth break down food mechanically
13. Saliva contains amylase
14. DS: Stomach - ANSWER Churns food together with hydrochloric acid and
enzymes
15. DS: Liver - ANSWER Produces blue- stored in gall bladder before going to small
intestine
16. Bile emulsifies lipids into small droplets, increasing surface area for better
digestion
17. DS: Pancreas - ANSWER Secretes amylase which breaks down starch into
glucose in the small intestine
18. DS: Small intestine - ANSWER Nutrients absorbed by villi
19. However starch is too large
20. DS: Large intestine - ANSWER Water absorbed
21. Enzymes - ANSWER Special proteins that act as biological catalysts, breaking
down molecules into shorter ones (polymers to monomers)
, 22. Enzyme Denaturation - ANSWER Temperature increases enzyme activity until
denature (when the active site changes shape)
23. Digestive enzymes - ANSWER Carbohydrases break down carbohydrates into
simple sugars
24. Enzyme practical - ANSWER Mix amylase and starch, start timer
25. Food tests - ANSWER Starch- iodine turns black
26. Lung components - ANSWER Trachea: wind pipe
27. Alveoli - ANSWER Large surface area for gas exchange
28. Circulatory system type - ANSWER Double circulatory system: blood enters
heart twice every time it is pumped around the body
29. Right side of heart - ANSWER deoxygenated blood
30. Left side of heart - ANSWER oxygenated blood
31. Heart adaptations - ANSWER Thicker wall on left ventricle for higher pressure to
pump blood
32. Artery - ANSWER carries blood away from the heart
33. Thick walls, thin lumen to withstand pressure
34. Capillary - ANSWER 1 cell thick for fast diffusion
35. Vein - ANSWER Carries blood back to heart
36. Blood carries - ANSWER Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
37. Everything except oxygen is dissolved into plasma
38. CVD - ANSWER cardiovascular disease
39. Pros of stents - ANSWER Blood flow to heart muscle cells is increased
40. Cons of stents - ANSWER Risk of infection
41. Risk of blood clots
42. Pros of statins - ANSWER Not invasive
43. Cons of statins - ANSWER Side effects- muscle pain
