LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO MATERIALS MATERIALS SCIENCE VS MATERIALS ENGINEERING
SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING MATERIALS SCIENCE MATERIALS ENGINEERING
STRUCTURE PROPERTY CORRELATIONS
WHAT IS MATERIALS SCIENCE
It is designing or engineering
It involves investigating the
the structure of a material to
• It is an interdisciplinary field that addresses the relationship between structures
produce a predetermined set of
fundamental relationships between the Processing, and properties of materials.
properties.
Structure and Properties of materials and develops
them for the desired technological application FUNCTIONAL PROSPECTIVE
(Performance).
It is called upon to create new
MATERIALS THROUGH THE AGES The role of materials scientist products or systems using
is to develop or synthesize new existing materials, and/or
materials develop techniques for
1. STONE AGE (Beginning of life – 3000 BC) processing materials.
• Using naturally occurring materials with only
changes in shape.
MATERIALS
2. BRONZE AGE (3000 BC – 1200 BC)
• Copper and Tin Alloy • Aluminum
• Ability to modify materials by refining (using • Copper
heat), chemical modifications (alloying) and METALS • Steel
mechanical deformation (cold working). • Nickel
• Titanium
3. IRON AGE (1200 BC – Present)
• Casting and alloying weren’t perfected until • Clay
16thcentury. • Silica Glass
• Mastery of Steel (Iron alloy) technology enables CERAMICS
• Alumina
Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19th • Quartz
century.
• Ability to heat treat at high temperature, control
• Polyvinyl Chloride
microstructure at different length scale and • Teflon
ability to design specific microstructures for POLYMERS • Various Plastics
specific properties • Glue (Adhesives)
• Kevlar
4. SILICON AGE (1950 – Present)
• Commercialization of silicon technology
(integrated circuits, electronic devices, etc…) • Wood
leads to the information age, which gives boost COMPOSITES • Carbon Fiber Resins
to human productivity. • Concrete
• Ability to control alloying accurately, ability to
make thin films
LENGTH SCALES OF MATERIAL SCIENCE
5. POLYMER AGE (1940 – Present)
• Discovery of polymers, and the ability to 1. ATOMIC STRUCTURE – 10-10 m
synthesize and process polymers. • Pertains to atom electron structure and atomic
arrangement.
• Includes electron structure – atomic bonding:
o Ionic
o Covalent
o Metallic
o London Dispersion Forces (Van Der
Waals)
• Atomic ordering:
o Long Range (Metals)
• o Short Range (Glass)
2. NANO STRUCTURE – 10-9 m
WHY STUDY MATERIALS SCIENCE? • Length scale that pertains to clusters of atoms that
make up small particles or material features.
• To be able to select a material for a given use based on • Show interesting properties because increase
considerations of cost and performance. surface area to volume ratio.
• To understand the limits of materials and the change of o More atoms on surface compared to bulk
their properties with use. atoms.
• To be able to create a new material that will have some o Optical, magnetic, mechanical and
desirable properties. electrical properties change.
,3. MICROSTRUCTURE – 10-6 m o Consumer Goods:
• Larger features composed of either ▪ Cans
nanostructured materials or periodic ▪ Appliances (stainless steel sheet
arrangements of atoms known as crystals. metal)
• Features are visible with high magnification in ▪ Utensils
light microscope. ▪ Tools
o Grains, inclusions other micro-features
that make up material. 2. CERAMICS
o These features are traditionally altered to • Classification of Ceramics:
improve material performance. o Crystalline Ceramics
o Glasses
4. MACROSTRUCTURE – 10-3 m • Ionic Bonding:
• Macrostructure pertains to collective features on o Brittle, glassy, elastic
microstructure level. o Non-conducting (insulative to the passage
• Grain flow, cracks, porosity are all examples of of heat & electricity)
macrostructure features o Transparent, translucent, or opaque–Some
exhibit magnetic behavior (e.g. Fe3O4)
TYPES OF MATERIALS • Consist of metal and non-metal elements
• Typically, a mixture of elements in the form of
BASIC CATEGORIES a chemical compound: Example: Al2O3 or
Glass
1. METALS • Three Types:
• Classification of Metals: o Composites
o Ferrous Metals o Monolithic
o Nonferrous Metals o Amorphous Ceramics
• Metallic Bonds • Bonding: Ionic and Covalent
o Strong, ductile, resistant to fracture o Typically, covalent.
o High thermal & electrical conductivity o In some cases, highly direction covalent
o Opaque, reflective bonding.
• Metals consist of alkaline, alkaline earth, o Ionic in case of SiO2 glasses and slags
metalloids and transition metals. • Familiar ceramic materials:
• Metal alloys are mixtures of two or more metal o Bricks
and nonmetal elements: o Tiles
o Aluminum and Copper o Porcelain
o Copper and Nickel o Teacup
o Stainless Steel o Rubber
• Bonding: Metallic • Properties:
o No particular sharing or donating occurs. o Wear resistant (hard)
o Electron cloud is formed (that is, free o Chemical stability: corrosion resistant
electrons) o High temperature strength: strength
o Strong bonds with no hybridization or retention at very high temperatures
directionality o High melting points
• Familiar Metals and Metal Alloys o Good insulators (dielectrics)
o Metal Utensils o Adhesives
o Coins o Good optical properties
o Metal Scissors • Applications:
o Screws o Window glass:
o Rings ▪ Al2O3
o Medal ▪ SiO2
• Properties: ▪ MgO
o Electrically conductive (free electrons) ▪ CaO
o Thermally conductive o Aerospace, energy and automotive
o High strength industry
o Large capacity to carry load over x-section ▪ Heat shield tiles
area (stress) ▪ Engine components
o Ductile ▪ Reactor vessel and furnace linings
o Endure large amounts of deformation o Consumer products:
before breaking. ▪ Pottery
o Magnetic: Ferromagnetism, Paramagnetic ▪ Dishes (fine China, plates, bowls)
o Medium melting point ▪ Glassware (cups, mugs, etc.)
• Applications: ▪ Eye glass lenses
o Electrical wire: aluminum, copper, silver
o Heat transfer fins: aluminum, silver 3. POLYMERS
o Plumbing: copper • Classification of Polymers:
o Construction beams (bridges, skyscrapers, o Thermoplastics
rebar, etc.) o Thermosets
o Steel (Fe-C alloys) o Elastomers
o Cars: steel (Fe-C alloys)
, • Covalent Bonding: Sharing of Electrons • Properties: Depends on Composites
o Soft, ductile, low strength, low density o High melting points with improved high
o Thermal & electrical insulators temperature strength: ceramic-metal,
o Optically translucent or transparent. polymer-metal
o Chemically inert and unreactive o High strength and ductile with improved
o Sensitive to temperature change wear resistance: metal ceramic, polymer-
• Familiar polymeric materials: ceramic
o Helmet o High strength and ductile: ceramic-
o Plastic Container polymer, metal-polymer
o Plastic Utensils • Applications:
o Billiards Ball o Wood: naturally occurring biological
o Dice material consists of very strong fibers
o Wheel imbedded in a soft matrix.
• Bonding: Covalent – London Dispersion Forces o Plywood: laminated wood for buildings
• Properties: o Concrete: basements, bridges, sidewalks
o ductile: can be stretched up to 1000% of o Fiberglass: boats
original length o Carbon fiber resins: bicycle frames
o Lightweight: Low densities
o Medium strength: Depending on additives ADVANCED APPLICATIONS OF CERAMICS
o Chemical stability: inert to corrosive AND COMPOSITES
environments
o Low melting point • AEROSPACE AND DEFENSE APPLICATIONS
o Structural materials used for missiles, aircraft,
• Applications:
space vehicles
o Car tires: vulcanized polymer (added
o What type of materials may be used?
sulfur)
▪ Ultrahigh Temperature Ceramic-
o Ziploc bags
Composites (UHTCs)
o Food storage containers
✓ Metal-nonmetal, Covalent bonded
o Plumbing: polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
compounds (ZrB2 SiC-Zirconium
o Kevlar
diboride-silicon carbide
o Aerospace and energy applications: Teflon
composites).
o Consumer goods:
✓ High melting point materials;
▪ Calculator casings
strong materials at temperature;
▪ TV consuls
excellent oxidation resistance.
▪ Shoe soles
✓ It can change the shape of next
▪ Cell phone casings
generation space planes because of
▪ Elmer’s Glue (adhesives)
their unique combinations of
▪ Contact lenses
properties.
FOURTH CATEGORY ▪ Why these materials?
✓ Service temperatures are more than
1. COMPOSITES 2000°C (~1/3 surface temperature
• It is a non-homogeneous mixture of the other of our sun).
three types, rather than a unique category. ✓ Materials have high melting points
• Light, strong, flexible, and high costs. (>3000°C).
✓ Excellent strength retention at
services temperatures.
✓ Relative chemical stability at
service temperatures.
✓ Light weight.
o Structural materials for use in hypersonic
aircraft next-generation re-entry vehicles.
• o Why is the space shuttle shaping the way it is?
• A mixture of two different materials to create a ▪ To reduce the amount of heat generated.
new material with combined properties
• Types of Composites:
o Particulate reinforced – discontinuous ADVANCED APPLICATIONS OF POLYMERS
type with low aspect ratio
o Whisker/rod reinforced - discontinuous • Self-decontaminating polymers
type with high aspect ratio o Medical, military, security and environmental
o Fiber reinforced - continuous type with applications
high aspect ratio (naturally) • Sulphonated polyether ether ketone (SPEEK)
o Laminated composites - layered o It is used in fuel cell applications, water
structures (surf boards, skateboards) desalination or purification
• Bonding: • Polyvinyl Alcohol – PVA (Aqueous Solution)
o It depends on the types of composites: o It is widely used in adhesives, paints, sealants,
▪ Strong Covalent coatings, textiles, plastics, etc.
▪ Medium-solid Solution
▪ Weak-tertiary phase layer
, ADVANCED APPLICATIONS OF METALS
• Hydrogen-absorbing metal alloys for energy
transportation or batteries
o Electrolyzed hydrogen from water (fuel cell
technology) can be stored in tanks fabricated
from Hydrogen-absorbing metal alloys
(HAMA)
o Nickel Metal Hydride (Ni-MH) batteries use the
same principle, but to improve battery self-
discharge
• Metal alloys
o Typical alloys consist of Mn-Ti-V, Mg-Ni, Zr-
Mn/Ti/V, Mn-Ni, La-Ni.
• BCC (Body Centered Cubic)
o This metals show higher storage and desorption
(a process where adsorbed atoms or molecules
are released from a surface into the surrounding
vacuum or fluid) properties
• Some metals can absorb a gas densities equivalent to
liquid hydrogen densities. TRANSMITTANCE
ADVANCED MATERIALS
• Aluminum oxide may be transparent, translucent, or
• Semiconductors opaque depending on the material’s structure.
o Have electrical conductivities intermediate • Examples:
between conductors and insulators.
• Biomaterials
o Must be compatible with body tissues
• Smart Materials
o Could sense and respond to changes in their
environments in predetermined manners
• Nano Materials
o Have structural features on the order of a
nanometer, some of which may be designed on
the atomic/molecular level •
MATERIALS SELECTION PROCESS
• Pick Application – Determined the Required
Properties
o Properties
▪ Mechanical
▪ Electrical
▪ Thermal
▪ Magnetic
▪ Optical
TYPES OF MATERIALS
▪ Deteriorative
• Identify the candidate Material(s)
o Material
▪ Structure
▪ Composition
• Identify required Processing
o Processing – changes structure and overall
shape
▪ Casting
▪ Sintering
▪ Vapor Deposition
▪ Doping
▪ Forming
▪ Joining
▪ Annealing
STRUCTURE, PROCESSING, AND PROPERTIES
• One aspect of Materials Science is the investigation of
relationships that exist between the processing,
structures, properties, and performance of materials.
SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING MATERIALS SCIENCE MATERIALS ENGINEERING
STRUCTURE PROPERTY CORRELATIONS
WHAT IS MATERIALS SCIENCE
It is designing or engineering
It involves investigating the
the structure of a material to
• It is an interdisciplinary field that addresses the relationship between structures
produce a predetermined set of
fundamental relationships between the Processing, and properties of materials.
properties.
Structure and Properties of materials and develops
them for the desired technological application FUNCTIONAL PROSPECTIVE
(Performance).
It is called upon to create new
MATERIALS THROUGH THE AGES The role of materials scientist products or systems using
is to develop or synthesize new existing materials, and/or
materials develop techniques for
1. STONE AGE (Beginning of life – 3000 BC) processing materials.
• Using naturally occurring materials with only
changes in shape.
MATERIALS
2. BRONZE AGE (3000 BC – 1200 BC)
• Copper and Tin Alloy • Aluminum
• Ability to modify materials by refining (using • Copper
heat), chemical modifications (alloying) and METALS • Steel
mechanical deformation (cold working). • Nickel
• Titanium
3. IRON AGE (1200 BC – Present)
• Casting and alloying weren’t perfected until • Clay
16thcentury. • Silica Glass
• Mastery of Steel (Iron alloy) technology enables CERAMICS
• Alumina
Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19th • Quartz
century.
• Ability to heat treat at high temperature, control
• Polyvinyl Chloride
microstructure at different length scale and • Teflon
ability to design specific microstructures for POLYMERS • Various Plastics
specific properties • Glue (Adhesives)
• Kevlar
4. SILICON AGE (1950 – Present)
• Commercialization of silicon technology
(integrated circuits, electronic devices, etc…) • Wood
leads to the information age, which gives boost COMPOSITES • Carbon Fiber Resins
to human productivity. • Concrete
• Ability to control alloying accurately, ability to
make thin films
LENGTH SCALES OF MATERIAL SCIENCE
5. POLYMER AGE (1940 – Present)
• Discovery of polymers, and the ability to 1. ATOMIC STRUCTURE – 10-10 m
synthesize and process polymers. • Pertains to atom electron structure and atomic
arrangement.
• Includes electron structure – atomic bonding:
o Ionic
o Covalent
o Metallic
o London Dispersion Forces (Van Der
Waals)
• Atomic ordering:
o Long Range (Metals)
• o Short Range (Glass)
2. NANO STRUCTURE – 10-9 m
WHY STUDY MATERIALS SCIENCE? • Length scale that pertains to clusters of atoms that
make up small particles or material features.
• To be able to select a material for a given use based on • Show interesting properties because increase
considerations of cost and performance. surface area to volume ratio.
• To understand the limits of materials and the change of o More atoms on surface compared to bulk
their properties with use. atoms.
• To be able to create a new material that will have some o Optical, magnetic, mechanical and
desirable properties. electrical properties change.
,3. MICROSTRUCTURE – 10-6 m o Consumer Goods:
• Larger features composed of either ▪ Cans
nanostructured materials or periodic ▪ Appliances (stainless steel sheet
arrangements of atoms known as crystals. metal)
• Features are visible with high magnification in ▪ Utensils
light microscope. ▪ Tools
o Grains, inclusions other micro-features
that make up material. 2. CERAMICS
o These features are traditionally altered to • Classification of Ceramics:
improve material performance. o Crystalline Ceramics
o Glasses
4. MACROSTRUCTURE – 10-3 m • Ionic Bonding:
• Macrostructure pertains to collective features on o Brittle, glassy, elastic
microstructure level. o Non-conducting (insulative to the passage
• Grain flow, cracks, porosity are all examples of of heat & electricity)
macrostructure features o Transparent, translucent, or opaque–Some
exhibit magnetic behavior (e.g. Fe3O4)
TYPES OF MATERIALS • Consist of metal and non-metal elements
• Typically, a mixture of elements in the form of
BASIC CATEGORIES a chemical compound: Example: Al2O3 or
Glass
1. METALS • Three Types:
• Classification of Metals: o Composites
o Ferrous Metals o Monolithic
o Nonferrous Metals o Amorphous Ceramics
• Metallic Bonds • Bonding: Ionic and Covalent
o Strong, ductile, resistant to fracture o Typically, covalent.
o High thermal & electrical conductivity o In some cases, highly direction covalent
o Opaque, reflective bonding.
• Metals consist of alkaline, alkaline earth, o Ionic in case of SiO2 glasses and slags
metalloids and transition metals. • Familiar ceramic materials:
• Metal alloys are mixtures of two or more metal o Bricks
and nonmetal elements: o Tiles
o Aluminum and Copper o Porcelain
o Copper and Nickel o Teacup
o Stainless Steel o Rubber
• Bonding: Metallic • Properties:
o No particular sharing or donating occurs. o Wear resistant (hard)
o Electron cloud is formed (that is, free o Chemical stability: corrosion resistant
electrons) o High temperature strength: strength
o Strong bonds with no hybridization or retention at very high temperatures
directionality o High melting points
• Familiar Metals and Metal Alloys o Good insulators (dielectrics)
o Metal Utensils o Adhesives
o Coins o Good optical properties
o Metal Scissors • Applications:
o Screws o Window glass:
o Rings ▪ Al2O3
o Medal ▪ SiO2
• Properties: ▪ MgO
o Electrically conductive (free electrons) ▪ CaO
o Thermally conductive o Aerospace, energy and automotive
o High strength industry
o Large capacity to carry load over x-section ▪ Heat shield tiles
area (stress) ▪ Engine components
o Ductile ▪ Reactor vessel and furnace linings
o Endure large amounts of deformation o Consumer products:
before breaking. ▪ Pottery
o Magnetic: Ferromagnetism, Paramagnetic ▪ Dishes (fine China, plates, bowls)
o Medium melting point ▪ Glassware (cups, mugs, etc.)
• Applications: ▪ Eye glass lenses
o Electrical wire: aluminum, copper, silver
o Heat transfer fins: aluminum, silver 3. POLYMERS
o Plumbing: copper • Classification of Polymers:
o Construction beams (bridges, skyscrapers, o Thermoplastics
rebar, etc.) o Thermosets
o Steel (Fe-C alloys) o Elastomers
o Cars: steel (Fe-C alloys)
, • Covalent Bonding: Sharing of Electrons • Properties: Depends on Composites
o Soft, ductile, low strength, low density o High melting points with improved high
o Thermal & electrical insulators temperature strength: ceramic-metal,
o Optically translucent or transparent. polymer-metal
o Chemically inert and unreactive o High strength and ductile with improved
o Sensitive to temperature change wear resistance: metal ceramic, polymer-
• Familiar polymeric materials: ceramic
o Helmet o High strength and ductile: ceramic-
o Plastic Container polymer, metal-polymer
o Plastic Utensils • Applications:
o Billiards Ball o Wood: naturally occurring biological
o Dice material consists of very strong fibers
o Wheel imbedded in a soft matrix.
• Bonding: Covalent – London Dispersion Forces o Plywood: laminated wood for buildings
• Properties: o Concrete: basements, bridges, sidewalks
o ductile: can be stretched up to 1000% of o Fiberglass: boats
original length o Carbon fiber resins: bicycle frames
o Lightweight: Low densities
o Medium strength: Depending on additives ADVANCED APPLICATIONS OF CERAMICS
o Chemical stability: inert to corrosive AND COMPOSITES
environments
o Low melting point • AEROSPACE AND DEFENSE APPLICATIONS
o Structural materials used for missiles, aircraft,
• Applications:
space vehicles
o Car tires: vulcanized polymer (added
o What type of materials may be used?
sulfur)
▪ Ultrahigh Temperature Ceramic-
o Ziploc bags
Composites (UHTCs)
o Food storage containers
✓ Metal-nonmetal, Covalent bonded
o Plumbing: polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
compounds (ZrB2 SiC-Zirconium
o Kevlar
diboride-silicon carbide
o Aerospace and energy applications: Teflon
composites).
o Consumer goods:
✓ High melting point materials;
▪ Calculator casings
strong materials at temperature;
▪ TV consuls
excellent oxidation resistance.
▪ Shoe soles
✓ It can change the shape of next
▪ Cell phone casings
generation space planes because of
▪ Elmer’s Glue (adhesives)
their unique combinations of
▪ Contact lenses
properties.
FOURTH CATEGORY ▪ Why these materials?
✓ Service temperatures are more than
1. COMPOSITES 2000°C (~1/3 surface temperature
• It is a non-homogeneous mixture of the other of our sun).
three types, rather than a unique category. ✓ Materials have high melting points
• Light, strong, flexible, and high costs. (>3000°C).
✓ Excellent strength retention at
services temperatures.
✓ Relative chemical stability at
service temperatures.
✓ Light weight.
o Structural materials for use in hypersonic
aircraft next-generation re-entry vehicles.
• o Why is the space shuttle shaping the way it is?
• A mixture of two different materials to create a ▪ To reduce the amount of heat generated.
new material with combined properties
• Types of Composites:
o Particulate reinforced – discontinuous ADVANCED APPLICATIONS OF POLYMERS
type with low aspect ratio
o Whisker/rod reinforced - discontinuous • Self-decontaminating polymers
type with high aspect ratio o Medical, military, security and environmental
o Fiber reinforced - continuous type with applications
high aspect ratio (naturally) • Sulphonated polyether ether ketone (SPEEK)
o Laminated composites - layered o It is used in fuel cell applications, water
structures (surf boards, skateboards) desalination or purification
• Bonding: • Polyvinyl Alcohol – PVA (Aqueous Solution)
o It depends on the types of composites: o It is widely used in adhesives, paints, sealants,
▪ Strong Covalent coatings, textiles, plastics, etc.
▪ Medium-solid Solution
▪ Weak-tertiary phase layer
, ADVANCED APPLICATIONS OF METALS
• Hydrogen-absorbing metal alloys for energy
transportation or batteries
o Electrolyzed hydrogen from water (fuel cell
technology) can be stored in tanks fabricated
from Hydrogen-absorbing metal alloys
(HAMA)
o Nickel Metal Hydride (Ni-MH) batteries use the
same principle, but to improve battery self-
discharge
• Metal alloys
o Typical alloys consist of Mn-Ti-V, Mg-Ni, Zr-
Mn/Ti/V, Mn-Ni, La-Ni.
• BCC (Body Centered Cubic)
o This metals show higher storage and desorption
(a process where adsorbed atoms or molecules
are released from a surface into the surrounding
vacuum or fluid) properties
• Some metals can absorb a gas densities equivalent to
liquid hydrogen densities. TRANSMITTANCE
ADVANCED MATERIALS
• Aluminum oxide may be transparent, translucent, or
• Semiconductors opaque depending on the material’s structure.
o Have electrical conductivities intermediate • Examples:
between conductors and insulators.
• Biomaterials
o Must be compatible with body tissues
• Smart Materials
o Could sense and respond to changes in their
environments in predetermined manners
• Nano Materials
o Have structural features on the order of a
nanometer, some of which may be designed on
the atomic/molecular level •
MATERIALS SELECTION PROCESS
• Pick Application – Determined the Required
Properties
o Properties
▪ Mechanical
▪ Electrical
▪ Thermal
▪ Magnetic
▪ Optical
TYPES OF MATERIALS
▪ Deteriorative
• Identify the candidate Material(s)
o Material
▪ Structure
▪ Composition
• Identify required Processing
o Processing – changes structure and overall
shape
▪ Casting
▪ Sintering
▪ Vapor Deposition
▪ Doping
▪ Forming
▪ Joining
▪ Annealing
STRUCTURE, PROCESSING, AND PROPERTIES
• One aspect of Materials Science is the investigation of
relationships that exist between the processing,
structures, properties, and performance of materials.
