Crim 225-exam 1 questions with all complete and verified solutions graded a+.

Code of Hammurabi - correct answer The first formal legal code establishing crimes & punishments. Lex Talionis - correct answer An eye for an eye, the principle/law of retaliation that a punishment inflicted should correspond in degree and kind to the offense of the wrongdoer. Montesquieu - correct answer Moderate punishments Beccaria - correct answer Punishment should be public, immediate and necessary. Bentham - correct answer Law should protect society. Howard - correct answer First English prison reformer. Macinochie - correct answer Served as director of the prison colony in Australia & set up the "mark" system" to encourage effort Crofton - correct answer Developed Irish mark system which influenced parole in U.S PA Model - correct answer Penal system based on belief that most prisoners would benefit from experience of incarceration. (crowding, solitude was no longer possible) Auburn Model - correct answer Maximum security and harsh treatment, committed to ideal of solitude as being main discipline, inmates indured great suffering. Penitentiary - correct answer A prison in which persons found guilty of a felony are isolated fem normal society. Eastern State PA - correct answer A fortress like prison in Philly, consisting of seen wings that became a model for prisons in several European countries. Reformatory Model-Zebulon Brockway - correct answer Superintendent of the Elmira Reformatory in NY, known as "Father of prison reform" or "Father of American Parole" Medical Model of Rehabilitation- Howard Gill - correct answer Advocated the idea that criminality is a sickness that can be cured through psychological intervention. Community-based corrections- 20 century - correct answer Pretrial release and diversion, probation, residential and reentry programs, and parole. Prisons- 20 century - correct answer Harsh and brutal, Control rather than treatment and rehabilitation, specialized prisons designed. Until 1960's, prisoners had no rights, regarded as slaves, reform changed the nature and quality. In the 70's, prison population increased, prison crowding. - correct answer What is the purpose/function of the corrections system today? - correct answer Provides consequences to offenders so the public is protected, fear of crime is reduced, offenders learn crime does not pay, also used for treatment and rehabilitation. What is the justification in punishment? - correct answer Punishing law violators provides beneficial consequences, it's deserved, it expresses public outrage, teaches a lesson, helps maintain government, social structure, and society. What is general deterrence? - correct answer Idea of punishing one person will discourage others from committing similar acts. What is specific deterrence? - correct answer Idea that individual offenders will decide against committing future crimes once they experience the pains of punishment. What are the agencies of the Criminal Justice System? - correct answer Probation, parole, jail, prison. What are the consequences of prison overcrowding? - correct answer System overload; mass incarceration, prison overcrowding, the social cost of corrections. Corrections refers to the institutions/methods that society uses to... - correct answer correct, control, and change the behavior of convicted offenders. The objectives of criminal punishment are grouped into categories: - correct answer General deterrence, specific deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation, retribution, restorative justice, and restitution. The philosophical ideas of new correctional options continued into the Enlightenment Age where philosophers.......were prominent. - correct answer Montesquieu, Becarria, Bentham What was one of the first states to create their own crime statutes/prison system? - correct answer PA What are significant models? - correct answer Rehabilitation, Auburn, and Reformational The purpose of corrections is to provide sufficient consequences so the public will be... - correct answer Protected and fear of crime is reduced. What are the subsets of the criminal justice system? - correct answer Corrections, law enforcement, and the courts. These three are found within legislative, judicial, and executive branches of government. How many individuals are under some form of corrections supervision? - correct answer 7 million, 785,000 in jail and 750,000 in prison, 2.2 million in jail/prison, 4.8 million in community supervision. Recently, the US has created a period of.... - correct answer Mass incarceration which has led to prison overcrowding. What were the three different bail reforms? - correct answer Manhattan Bail Project (A Vera Institute of justice NY program that provided ROR release for eligible defendants, which influenced later bail reform, Bail Reform Acts of 1966 (Federal legislation that further spurred bail reform, to ensure that release would be granted in all noncapital cases in which sufficient reason existed that the defendant would return to court, Bail Reform Acts of 1984 (formalized preventive detention for those considered dangerous or unlikely to return to court.) What is a concurrent sentence? - correct answer One or more sentences imposed at the same time and are served simultaneously. What is a consecutive sentence? - correct answer One or more sentences imposed at the same time and are served one after the other. What is "The Effect of Good Time?" - correct answer Confinement can be reduced for good behavior-up to 54 days at the end of each year. What is indeterminate sentencing? - correct answer Imposes a sentence for NO definite term, sentence that permits early release from a correctional institution after the offender has served a required minimum portion of his/her sentence. What is determinate sentencing? - correct answer Sentencing that imposes a sentence for a definite term. It's main forms are flat-time sentences, mandatory sentences, and presumptive sentences. What are sentencing guidelines? - correct answer A set of rules,followed by federal & state intended to ensure fair sentencing by ending the reduction of terms in prison by grants of parole, ensuring sentences reflect the severity of criminal conduct. What are mandatory minimum sentences? - correct answer Imposition of sentences required by statute for those convicted of a particular crime w/ specific circumstances, that specify a certain # of years of incarceration, such as selling drugs to a minor close to a school, or robbery w/ a firearm. What are non-legal factors affecting sentencing? - correct answer Social class-lower class criminals typically sentenced to longer prison terms, Gender-women generally receive more favorable sentences, Age-younger defendants sentenced more harshly, Victim Characteristics- Impact statements from victim/family can have an influence. What are legal factors affecting sentencing? - correct answer Severity of offense, offenders prior record, offenders use of weapon, offenders use of violence, crime committed for money. Who are the people involved in the sentencing process? - correct answer Prosecutor, judge, and probation staff. What is the role of the prosecutor? - correct answer To enforce the criminal law w/ a fundamental obligation as an attorney to seek justice as well as convict those who are guilty. Who is the senior officer of the court whose jobs are quite varied & far more extensive than that of the prosecutor? - correct answer The judge; rules on appropriateness of conduct, questions of evidence, verdict, sentencing. The sentencing process includes a series of steps: - correct answer Bail, pretrial, release, prevention detention. Most of the progress in this area can be contributed to Bail Reform act of 19 and 19. What sentences are determined by legislatures that set penalties for criminal activities? - correct answer Presumptive; the legality of these have been challenged in the U.S Supreme Court in the cases of Blakely v. Washington & U.S v. Booker What does the 3 strikes law mean? - correct answer For repeat offenders, the first two must be felonies, three felonies automatically require a mandatory life sentence. What is the idea of truth in sentencing? - correct answer It demands a close connection between the imposed sentence & actual time served in prison. What are the 3 most serious issues in sentencing? - correct answer Excessive lengths of sentencing, non legal factors including age & gender that influence sentencing, and racial disparity that are present in sentencing outcomes. What is the Community Corrections Act? - correct answer State based acts through which counties who participate receive subsidies for diverting minor offenders from state prisons. What is Community-based Corrections? - correct answer Alternatives to institutional placements and keep offenders out of jails & federal, state, & private prisons. Offers a wide variety of diversionary programs, probation, intermediate sanctions, reentry programs, and parole & supervision of ex-offenders. What is the development of Community-Based Corrections? - correct answer Judicial Reprieve- permitted judges to suspend judgment until offenders could seek a pardon or gather new evidence. Recognizance- Permitted offenders to remain free if they promised to pay their debts to the state. Sureties- Individual would agree to make themselves responsible for those who had been released. What is the rationale for diversion? - correct answer Designed to help offenders avoid stigma of criminal conviction. Diversion Programs-True Diversion What is probation? - correct answer Defined as a form of punishment that permits a convicted offender to remain in the community, under supervision of probation officer & subject to conditions set by court. What is financial restitution? - correct answer Payment of a sum of money by an offender either to the victim or to a public fund for victims of crime. What is community service? - correct answer Requires an offender to perform a certain number of work hours at a private nonprofit or government agency.