Yr 10 Geography Term 2-3
Australia Population
birth rate the number of live births per thousand of population per year.the number of
live births per thousand of population per year.
death rate the number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population within a specified
period, typically a year.
natural increase Population growth rate excluding migration effects
migration Movement of individuals or groups changing residence locations
FIVE Facts Australia's changing population characteristics.
- Migration has surged Australi’s population post-pandemic
- The Australian Bureau of Statistics' population clocked 27 million around 3.45pm on Wednesday
24 Jan 2024
, - The average age of Australia's population is around 37, as of 2024.
- This annual growth is 41 per cent larger than the previous record when the population increased
by 442,500 in 2009.
- NSW and Victoria were also Australia's largest growing states, overtaking Queensland's growth
during the pandemic years.
Explain the future challenges faced by the growing population
- it was crucial for Australia to get back to "sustainable" growth.
- Trying to get the balance between a natural increase as well as migration,
- new births, we need the young people in our population and the stimulation that provides
long-term
Reduce Urban Heat Island Effect
"Urban heat islands" occur when cities replace natural land cover with dense concentrations of pavement,
buildings, and other surfaces that absorb and retain heat. This effect increases energy costs (e.g., for air
conditioning), air pollution levels, and heat-related illness and mortality.
Trees, green roofs, and vegetation can help reduce urban heat island effects by shading building
surfaces, deflecting radiation from the sun, and releasing moisture into the atmosphere.
- Incorporate green infrastructure into street upgrades and capital projects for heat reduction.
- Utilize grassy areas, vacant lots, and street rights-of-way for planting trees and vegetation.
- Conduct tree canopy assessments to guide urban heat and stormwater management efforts.
- Integrate trees into roadside planters and infiltration-based practices for water quality and
roadside cooling.
- Plant native, drought-tolerant trees, shrubs, and groundcover to improve community
environments.
- Install green roofs to reduce heat island effect and improve air quality, with potential tax credits
available in some communities (e.g., RiverSmart Communities in D.C., Philadelphia's Green Roof
Tax Credit Program).
Rewilding
Rewilding is all about restoring ecosystems to the point where nature can take care of itself, and restoring
our relationship with the natural world. Reconnecting with what matters. Rewilding is hope for the future.
Rewilding is a progressive approach to conservation. It’s about letting nature take care of itself, enabling
natural processes to shape land and sea, repair damaged ecosystems and restore degraded landscapes.
Through rewilding, wildlife’s natural rhythms create wilder, more biodiverse habitats.
What is climate change? A really simple guide
1. What is climate change and what causes it?
,Climate change is the long-term shift in the Earth's average temperatures and weather conditions.The
temperature increase was driven by human-caused climate change and boosted by the natural El Niño
weather phenomenon. This long-term climate change has been caused by human activity, the IPCC says,
mainly from the widespread use of fossil fuels - coal, oil and gas - in homes, factories and transport.
2. Describe how global temperatures have changed since 1950.
Global temperatures have increased steadily since 1950, with a notable acceleration in recent decades.
This trend is primarily driven by human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation.
3. What are THREE impacts of these rising temperatures on the environment?
● more frequent and intense extreme weather, such as heatwaves and heavy rainfall
● rapid melting of glaciers and ice sheets, contributing to sea-level rise
● huge declines in Arctic sea-ice
● ocean warming
4. Name one part of the world that will be affected by climate change and what will the impact of this be?
Most countries have, or are considering, net zero targets. In a landmark agreement signed in Paris in
2015, almost 200 countries pledged to try to keep global warming to 1.5C.
Glaciers are melting, antarctica is experiencing rapid plant growth
Brazil: Amazon sees worst deforestation levels in 15 years
1. By how much did deforestation increase in Brazil between 2020 and 2021
According to the latest data, some 13,235 sq km (5110 sq miles) was lost during the 2020-21 period, the
highest amount since 2006.
2. What are THREE reasons why the Amazon rainforest is important.
The Amazon rainforest is crucial for biodiversity conservation, housing an estimated 10% of Earth's
species. Its vast array of flora and fauna contribute to global ecological balance. Additionally, the
rainforest serves as a carbon sink, absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen, playing a vital role in
mitigating climate change. Its impact extends beyond local climate regulation, influencing weather
patterns worldwide. Moreover, the Amazon is home to numerous indigenous communities, preserving
unique cultures and traditional knowledge. Protecting the rainforest is imperative for sustaining
biodiversity, mitigating climate change, and respecting indigenous rights and cultural heritage.
The Amazon is home to about three million species of plants and animals, and one million indigenous
people. It is a vital carbon store that slows down the pace of global warming.
3. What has been a reason for deforestation that has been uncovered through investigations?
Deforestation of the Amazon has increased under President Jair Bolsonaro. who has encouraged
agriculture and mining activities in the rainforestest.
4. Why could Brazil's president Jair Bolsonaro be held responsible for this increase in deforestation?
, Deforestation of the Amazon has increased under President Jair Bolsonaro. who has encouraged
agriculture and mining activities in the rainforest.
Problems facing the environment Rewilding strategies introduced Impacts of these strategies on the
environment.
- Peat hags — degraded by - Nature is recovering due to reduced
historic acid rain, sheep grazing pressure, allowing seedlings to
grazing and repeated grow and soil to be less compacted.
burning - Fewer chemicals, fertilizers, and animal
- Moorland burning is medications are entering the soil and
continuing in the distance. water. Reducing stocking numbers
- Trees are largely confined to benefits wildlife and can help farmers be
regimented blocks of profitable, as seen on Chris Clark's farm
non-native conifers with little in the Yorkshire Dales.
or no connection to their - Native breed cattle, descendants of the
surroundings. ancient aurochs, graze the slopes on the
- Sheep have over-grazed the left, creating space for seeds to grow
hills in much of this through trampling vegetation and
landscape. The ground is grazing. G
compacted through centuries - razing animals play a crucial role in
of trampling, causing bad functioning ecosystems by browsing
erosion and landslips, and trees and shrubs, breaking off branches
contributes to the flood risk and twigs to encourage new shoots.
already exacerbated by the - Their horns debark trees, dung fertilizes
lack of vegetation. the land, and provides habitat for dung
- The river is straightened, beetles and other invertebrates.
widened, and deepened, like - Forestry blocks replaced with native
many rivers in Britain. deciduous trees; likely need protection
- Embankments separate it from deer initially.
from its floodplain, with faint - Trees will provide seed source for
traces of its original natural regeneration in 5-10 years.
meandering course visible. - Thicker tree growth in gullies, aided by
Water settles in the river's old trees in steep areas less grazed by
floodplain. sheep.
- During heavy rains, water - Trees absorb rainfall and slow rain's fall,
rushes off the surrounding reducing flooding risk.
hills, increasing flood risk - Peatland flourishing after restoration
downstream. program; bare peat now covered with
- No trees or plants remain heather, cross-leaved heath, bog
beside the river, impacting its rosemary, tormentil, and Scotch broom.
ability to slow water flow and - Habitat supports variety of insects, birds
diminishing biodiversity. like short-eared owl and merlin, thanks to
- Modern roads divide and vegetation.
fragment wildlife habitats, - Slower water flow from hills makes peat
contribute to pollution, and bog areas lusher and wetter, with thriving
hinder wildlife movement. ferns, mosses, especially Sphagnum.
- The road follows the path of - Low risk of fire; burning for grouse moor
the river, but historically, older management stopped.
tracks or highways would - Sheep primarily grazing on valley floor.
have been built beside the - New trees on hills aid erosion healing.
original meander. Landslips revegetated.
- Riverside road rerouted to original path.
- Meandering rivers reduce flood risk.
Australia Population
birth rate the number of live births per thousand of population per year.the number of
live births per thousand of population per year.
death rate the number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population within a specified
period, typically a year.
natural increase Population growth rate excluding migration effects
migration Movement of individuals or groups changing residence locations
FIVE Facts Australia's changing population characteristics.
- Migration has surged Australi’s population post-pandemic
- The Australian Bureau of Statistics' population clocked 27 million around 3.45pm on Wednesday
24 Jan 2024
, - The average age of Australia's population is around 37, as of 2024.
- This annual growth is 41 per cent larger than the previous record when the population increased
by 442,500 in 2009.
- NSW and Victoria were also Australia's largest growing states, overtaking Queensland's growth
during the pandemic years.
Explain the future challenges faced by the growing population
- it was crucial for Australia to get back to "sustainable" growth.
- Trying to get the balance between a natural increase as well as migration,
- new births, we need the young people in our population and the stimulation that provides
long-term
Reduce Urban Heat Island Effect
"Urban heat islands" occur when cities replace natural land cover with dense concentrations of pavement,
buildings, and other surfaces that absorb and retain heat. This effect increases energy costs (e.g., for air
conditioning), air pollution levels, and heat-related illness and mortality.
Trees, green roofs, and vegetation can help reduce urban heat island effects by shading building
surfaces, deflecting radiation from the sun, and releasing moisture into the atmosphere.
- Incorporate green infrastructure into street upgrades and capital projects for heat reduction.
- Utilize grassy areas, vacant lots, and street rights-of-way for planting trees and vegetation.
- Conduct tree canopy assessments to guide urban heat and stormwater management efforts.
- Integrate trees into roadside planters and infiltration-based practices for water quality and
roadside cooling.
- Plant native, drought-tolerant trees, shrubs, and groundcover to improve community
environments.
- Install green roofs to reduce heat island effect and improve air quality, with potential tax credits
available in some communities (e.g., RiverSmart Communities in D.C., Philadelphia's Green Roof
Tax Credit Program).
Rewilding
Rewilding is all about restoring ecosystems to the point where nature can take care of itself, and restoring
our relationship with the natural world. Reconnecting with what matters. Rewilding is hope for the future.
Rewilding is a progressive approach to conservation. It’s about letting nature take care of itself, enabling
natural processes to shape land and sea, repair damaged ecosystems and restore degraded landscapes.
Through rewilding, wildlife’s natural rhythms create wilder, more biodiverse habitats.
What is climate change? A really simple guide
1. What is climate change and what causes it?
,Climate change is the long-term shift in the Earth's average temperatures and weather conditions.The
temperature increase was driven by human-caused climate change and boosted by the natural El Niño
weather phenomenon. This long-term climate change has been caused by human activity, the IPCC says,
mainly from the widespread use of fossil fuels - coal, oil and gas - in homes, factories and transport.
2. Describe how global temperatures have changed since 1950.
Global temperatures have increased steadily since 1950, with a notable acceleration in recent decades.
This trend is primarily driven by human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation.
3. What are THREE impacts of these rising temperatures on the environment?
● more frequent and intense extreme weather, such as heatwaves and heavy rainfall
● rapid melting of glaciers and ice sheets, contributing to sea-level rise
● huge declines in Arctic sea-ice
● ocean warming
4. Name one part of the world that will be affected by climate change and what will the impact of this be?
Most countries have, or are considering, net zero targets. In a landmark agreement signed in Paris in
2015, almost 200 countries pledged to try to keep global warming to 1.5C.
Glaciers are melting, antarctica is experiencing rapid plant growth
Brazil: Amazon sees worst deforestation levels in 15 years
1. By how much did deforestation increase in Brazil between 2020 and 2021
According to the latest data, some 13,235 sq km (5110 sq miles) was lost during the 2020-21 period, the
highest amount since 2006.
2. What are THREE reasons why the Amazon rainforest is important.
The Amazon rainforest is crucial for biodiversity conservation, housing an estimated 10% of Earth's
species. Its vast array of flora and fauna contribute to global ecological balance. Additionally, the
rainforest serves as a carbon sink, absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen, playing a vital role in
mitigating climate change. Its impact extends beyond local climate regulation, influencing weather
patterns worldwide. Moreover, the Amazon is home to numerous indigenous communities, preserving
unique cultures and traditional knowledge. Protecting the rainforest is imperative for sustaining
biodiversity, mitigating climate change, and respecting indigenous rights and cultural heritage.
The Amazon is home to about three million species of plants and animals, and one million indigenous
people. It is a vital carbon store that slows down the pace of global warming.
3. What has been a reason for deforestation that has been uncovered through investigations?
Deforestation of the Amazon has increased under President Jair Bolsonaro. who has encouraged
agriculture and mining activities in the rainforestest.
4. Why could Brazil's president Jair Bolsonaro be held responsible for this increase in deforestation?
, Deforestation of the Amazon has increased under President Jair Bolsonaro. who has encouraged
agriculture and mining activities in the rainforest.
Problems facing the environment Rewilding strategies introduced Impacts of these strategies on the
environment.
- Peat hags — degraded by - Nature is recovering due to reduced
historic acid rain, sheep grazing pressure, allowing seedlings to
grazing and repeated grow and soil to be less compacted.
burning - Fewer chemicals, fertilizers, and animal
- Moorland burning is medications are entering the soil and
continuing in the distance. water. Reducing stocking numbers
- Trees are largely confined to benefits wildlife and can help farmers be
regimented blocks of profitable, as seen on Chris Clark's farm
non-native conifers with little in the Yorkshire Dales.
or no connection to their - Native breed cattle, descendants of the
surroundings. ancient aurochs, graze the slopes on the
- Sheep have over-grazed the left, creating space for seeds to grow
hills in much of this through trampling vegetation and
landscape. The ground is grazing. G
compacted through centuries - razing animals play a crucial role in
of trampling, causing bad functioning ecosystems by browsing
erosion and landslips, and trees and shrubs, breaking off branches
contributes to the flood risk and twigs to encourage new shoots.
already exacerbated by the - Their horns debark trees, dung fertilizes
lack of vegetation. the land, and provides habitat for dung
- The river is straightened, beetles and other invertebrates.
widened, and deepened, like - Forestry blocks replaced with native
many rivers in Britain. deciduous trees; likely need protection
- Embankments separate it from deer initially.
from its floodplain, with faint - Trees will provide seed source for
traces of its original natural regeneration in 5-10 years.
meandering course visible. - Thicker tree growth in gullies, aided by
Water settles in the river's old trees in steep areas less grazed by
floodplain. sheep.
- During heavy rains, water - Trees absorb rainfall and slow rain's fall,
rushes off the surrounding reducing flooding risk.
hills, increasing flood risk - Peatland flourishing after restoration
downstream. program; bare peat now covered with
- No trees or plants remain heather, cross-leaved heath, bog
beside the river, impacting its rosemary, tormentil, and Scotch broom.
ability to slow water flow and - Habitat supports variety of insects, birds
diminishing biodiversity. like short-eared owl and merlin, thanks to
- Modern roads divide and vegetation.
fragment wildlife habitats, - Slower water flow from hills makes peat
contribute to pollution, and bog areas lusher and wetter, with thriving
hinder wildlife movement. ferns, mosses, especially Sphagnum.
- The road follows the path of - Low risk of fire; burning for grouse moor
the river, but historically, older management stopped.
tracks or highways would - Sheep primarily grazing on valley floor.
have been built beside the - New trees on hills aid erosion healing.
original meander. Landslips revegetated.
- Riverside road rerouted to original path.
- Meandering rivers reduce flood risk.
