NR 507 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM, NR507
MIDTERM, NR 507 FINAL EXAM WITH
CORRECT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
2025
The only way for a hormone to work is through the blood stream. - CORRECT-
ANSWERSFalse.
The endocrine cell can also secrete hormones that target cells directly close it. When this
occurs, this type of secretion is known as paracrine signaling.
Lipid-derived hormones cross the cell membrane and bind to receptors in the cell's
cytoplasm - CORRECT-ANSWERSTrue.
This statement is true. Lipid-derived hormones cross the cell membrane and bind to
receptors in the cell's cytoplasm.
The anterior lobe of the pituitary produces its own hormones - CORRECT-
ANSWERSTrue.
This statement is true. The anterior lobe of the pituitary produces its own hormones
To be considered a lipid hormone, it must be bound to a protein and it must bind to
receptors inside the cell membrane - CORRECT-ANSWERSFalse.
, It must be bound to a protein and it bind to receptors on the cell membrane rather than
inside the cell membrane.
The pineal gland is responsible for regulating the sleep-wake cycle - CORRECT-
ANSWERSTrue.
The posterior lobe of the pituitary produces its own hormones - CORRECT-
ANSWERSFalse.
The posterior pituitary receives its hormones (oxytocin and ADH) from the
hypothalamus. The anterior pituitary produces its own hormones.
Aldosterone promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys. -
CORRECT-ANSWERSThis statement is true.
Hyperthyroidism - CORRECT-ANSWERSElevated Thyroid Hormone
Suppressed TSH
Enlarged liver
Hand tremors
Hypothyroidism - CORRECT-ANSWERSDecreased thyroid hormone and
Elevated TSH
Fatigue
Diminished deep tendon reflexes
Type 1 DM - CORRECT-ANSWERSOnset 1<10-20 years
Associated with diabetic ketoacidosis
Symptoms: polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia
, Autoimmune:Genetic and environmental factors, resulting in gradual process of
autoimmune destruction in genetically susceptible individuals
Nonautoimmune:Unknown
Strong association with HLA-DQA and HLA-DQB genes
acute complications: Diabetic ketoacidosis
Type 2 DM - CORRECT-ANSWERSUsually > 40 years of age
Associated with hyperosmolar nonketotic coma
Symptoms: weakness, weight loss, infections
Results from genetic susceptibility (polygenic) combined with environmental
determinants and other risk factors
Inherited defects in beta-cell mass and function combined with peripheral tissue insulin
resistance
Associated with long-duration obesity
strong genetic association
Acute complications: Hyperosmolar nonketotic coma
alpha cells - CORRECT-ANSWERSresponsible for secreting glucagon
beta cells - CORRECT-ANSWERSresponsible for secreting insulin and amylin
inhibits glucagon secretion
delta cells - CORRECT-ANSWERSresponsible for secreting gastrin and somatostatin
, F (PP) Cells - CORRECT-ANSWERSsecrete pancreatic polypeptide that stimulates
gastric secretions and antagonizes cholecystokinin.
Criteria to diagnose Diabetes Type 1 and 2 - CORRECT-ANSWERSFPG ≥126 mg/dL
(7.0 mmol/L). Fasting is defined as no caloric intake for at least 8 h*
OR
2-h PG ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) during OGTT. The test should be performed as
described by the WHO, using a glucose load containing the equivalent of 75 g anhydrous
glucose dissolved in water*
OR
A1C ≥6.5% (48 mmol/mol). The test should be performed in a laboratory using a method
that is NGSP certified and standardized to the DCCT assay*
OR
In a patient with classic symptoms of hyperglycemia or hyperglycemic crisis, a random
plasma glucose ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L)
*In the absence of unequivocal hyperglycemia, diagnosis requires two abnormal test
results from the same sample or in two separate test samples
pre-screening for DM - CORRECT-ANSWERSHbA1c (as measured in a DCCT-
referenced assay) ≥6.5%
OR
FPG ≥126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L); fasting is defined as no caloric intake for at least 8 hr.
OR
2-hr plasma glucose ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) during an OGTT
OR
MIDTERM, NR 507 FINAL EXAM WITH
CORRECT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
2025
The only way for a hormone to work is through the blood stream. - CORRECT-
ANSWERSFalse.
The endocrine cell can also secrete hormones that target cells directly close it. When this
occurs, this type of secretion is known as paracrine signaling.
Lipid-derived hormones cross the cell membrane and bind to receptors in the cell's
cytoplasm - CORRECT-ANSWERSTrue.
This statement is true. Lipid-derived hormones cross the cell membrane and bind to
receptors in the cell's cytoplasm.
The anterior lobe of the pituitary produces its own hormones - CORRECT-
ANSWERSTrue.
This statement is true. The anterior lobe of the pituitary produces its own hormones
To be considered a lipid hormone, it must be bound to a protein and it must bind to
receptors inside the cell membrane - CORRECT-ANSWERSFalse.
, It must be bound to a protein and it bind to receptors on the cell membrane rather than
inside the cell membrane.
The pineal gland is responsible for regulating the sleep-wake cycle - CORRECT-
ANSWERSTrue.
The posterior lobe of the pituitary produces its own hormones - CORRECT-
ANSWERSFalse.
The posterior pituitary receives its hormones (oxytocin and ADH) from the
hypothalamus. The anterior pituitary produces its own hormones.
Aldosterone promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys. -
CORRECT-ANSWERSThis statement is true.
Hyperthyroidism - CORRECT-ANSWERSElevated Thyroid Hormone
Suppressed TSH
Enlarged liver
Hand tremors
Hypothyroidism - CORRECT-ANSWERSDecreased thyroid hormone and
Elevated TSH
Fatigue
Diminished deep tendon reflexes
Type 1 DM - CORRECT-ANSWERSOnset 1<10-20 years
Associated with diabetic ketoacidosis
Symptoms: polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia
, Autoimmune:Genetic and environmental factors, resulting in gradual process of
autoimmune destruction in genetically susceptible individuals
Nonautoimmune:Unknown
Strong association with HLA-DQA and HLA-DQB genes
acute complications: Diabetic ketoacidosis
Type 2 DM - CORRECT-ANSWERSUsually > 40 years of age
Associated with hyperosmolar nonketotic coma
Symptoms: weakness, weight loss, infections
Results from genetic susceptibility (polygenic) combined with environmental
determinants and other risk factors
Inherited defects in beta-cell mass and function combined with peripheral tissue insulin
resistance
Associated with long-duration obesity
strong genetic association
Acute complications: Hyperosmolar nonketotic coma
alpha cells - CORRECT-ANSWERSresponsible for secreting glucagon
beta cells - CORRECT-ANSWERSresponsible for secreting insulin and amylin
inhibits glucagon secretion
delta cells - CORRECT-ANSWERSresponsible for secreting gastrin and somatostatin
, F (PP) Cells - CORRECT-ANSWERSsecrete pancreatic polypeptide that stimulates
gastric secretions and antagonizes cholecystokinin.
Criteria to diagnose Diabetes Type 1 and 2 - CORRECT-ANSWERSFPG ≥126 mg/dL
(7.0 mmol/L). Fasting is defined as no caloric intake for at least 8 h*
OR
2-h PG ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) during OGTT. The test should be performed as
described by the WHO, using a glucose load containing the equivalent of 75 g anhydrous
glucose dissolved in water*
OR
A1C ≥6.5% (48 mmol/mol). The test should be performed in a laboratory using a method
that is NGSP certified and standardized to the DCCT assay*
OR
In a patient with classic symptoms of hyperglycemia or hyperglycemic crisis, a random
plasma glucose ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L)
*In the absence of unequivocal hyperglycemia, diagnosis requires two abnormal test
results from the same sample or in two separate test samples
pre-screening for DM - CORRECT-ANSWERSHbA1c (as measured in a DCCT-
referenced assay) ≥6.5%
OR
FPG ≥126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L); fasting is defined as no caloric intake for at least 8 hr.
OR
2-hr plasma glucose ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) during an OGTT
OR
