NR507 FINAL FLASHCARD EXAM WITH
CORRECT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
2025
- Generalized tonic-clonic seizures: - CORRECT-ANSWERS-wide-spread and
uncontrolled neuron activity in the entire cerebral cortex
- -occur in 10% of patients who have epilepsy
- -excessive neuronal discharge in the motor nerves through the brain.
- Generalized tonic seizures: - CORRECT-ANSWERSthis seizure is characterized by
unconsciousness and muscle rigidity.
- Post-ictal phase - CORRECT-ANSWERS(lasts one to two hours): characterized by
confusion, unresponsiveness and muscle flaccidity.
- -Following the post-ictal state, there will be a return to normal state of consciousness
- Clonic phase - CORRECT-ANSWERS(lasts one minute): continuous discharge of
neurons gets interrupted.
- -characterized by small durations of relaxation, occur because of inhibitory mechanisms
of the brain to try to control the wide-spread neuronal activity
- -patient will exhibit spasms and jerking, perceived as violent shaking of muscles.
- Generalized clonic seizures: - CORRECT-ANSWERSthis seizure is characterized by
muscle spasms.
- Generalized absence seizure: - CORRECT-ANSWERS-common in children
- -caused by a genetic abnormality
- -characterized by sudden and brief loss of consciousness without muscle tone
,- -last for only a few seconds
- -no associated post-ictal confusion.
- Wide variety of options available, is based on needs of the patient - CORRECT-
ANSWERSAnticonvulsants
- Removes the cause of the seizure - CORRECT-ANSWERSSurgery
- Ketogenic diet - CORRECT-ANSWERSProduces energy other than glucose to be used
by the brain
- Nerve stimulation - CORRECT-ANSWERSControls the seizure by influencing
neurotransmitter release
- An individual having a focal seizure without dyscognitive features will _______ -
CORRECT-ANSWERShave no impairment of consciousness
- Febrile seizures most often ___________ medication as they ___________. -
CORRECT-ANSWERSdo not need, resolve on their own.
- Tonic-clonic phase results in: - CORRECT-ANSWERS1. The muscles of the body
become contracted. without any relaxation.
- 2. Loss of consciousness.
- 3. Ictal cry. This is a typical sound produced by the tonic contractions of the laryngeal
muscles and muscles of expiration.
- 4. Respiratory impairment that results in cyanosis.
- 5. Tonic contraction of the jaw muscles that can cause tongue biting.
- 6. Increased sympathetic activity. This will cause increased heart rate and blood pressure
- Tonic-clonic phase lasts __________ - CORRECT-ANSWERS10-20 seconds
,- Tonic-clonic phase is due to __________________ - CORRECT-ANSWERSthe
excessive discharge of neurons in the motor nerves
- Underlying cause of BPH - CORRECT-ANSWERS5delta-reductace activity increases
with age
- -increases dihydrotestosterone levels
- -normal prostate cells respond to the increase in dihydrotestosterone levels by living
longer and multiplying
- acute kidney injury/acute renal failure - CORRECT-ANSWERSsudden loss of kidney
function
- Reversible
- S/S:
- -oliguria (<30mL/hr)
- -increased BUN & creatinine
- -fluid & electrolyte abnormalities
- Prerenal - CORRECT-ANSWERSMost common type of Acute Renal Failure
- Sudden & severe drop in BP (shock) or interruption of blood flow to the kidneys from
severe injury or illness
- -causes: hypotension, decreased CO, decreased blood volume
- Intrarenal (intrinsic) - CORRECT-ANSWERSDirect damage to the kidneys by
inflammation, toxins, drugs, infection, or decreased blood supply.
- -Causes: acute tubular necrosis (ATN), acute glomerulonephritis, and other
glomerulopathies
, - Postrenal - CORRECT-ANSWERSSudden obstruction of urine flow due to enlarged
prostate, kidney stones, bladder tumors, or injury.
- Prerenal labs - CORRECT-ANSWERS-increased creatinine
- -increased BUN
- -increased BUN/creatinine ratio 20:1
- -concentrated urine (high osmolarity)
- Intrinsic renal failure labs - CORRECT-ANSWERS-increased creatining
- -increased BUN
- -BUN/creatinine ratio <15:1
- -dilute urine
- Best way to differentiate between prerenal and intrinsic renal failure - CORRECT-
ANSWERSBUN/creatinine ratio
- Most common damage to the kidneys in intrinsic (intrinsic) renal disease is ___________
- CORRECT-ANSWERStubular (85%)
- others are:
- glomerular (5%)
- interstitial (8%)
- vascular (<2%)
- Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) - CORRECT-ANSWERSProgressive loss of renal
function that can develop as a complication of unresolved AKI or systemic diseases,
including HTN, DM (most significant risk factor), SLE or intrinsic kidney disease.
- Risk factor for development of UTI - CORRECT-ANSWERSPregnancy
- Help prevent a UTI - CORRECT-ANSWERSIncrease water consumption
CORRECT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
2025
- Generalized tonic-clonic seizures: - CORRECT-ANSWERS-wide-spread and
uncontrolled neuron activity in the entire cerebral cortex
- -occur in 10% of patients who have epilepsy
- -excessive neuronal discharge in the motor nerves through the brain.
- Generalized tonic seizures: - CORRECT-ANSWERSthis seizure is characterized by
unconsciousness and muscle rigidity.
- Post-ictal phase - CORRECT-ANSWERS(lasts one to two hours): characterized by
confusion, unresponsiveness and muscle flaccidity.
- -Following the post-ictal state, there will be a return to normal state of consciousness
- Clonic phase - CORRECT-ANSWERS(lasts one minute): continuous discharge of
neurons gets interrupted.
- -characterized by small durations of relaxation, occur because of inhibitory mechanisms
of the brain to try to control the wide-spread neuronal activity
- -patient will exhibit spasms and jerking, perceived as violent shaking of muscles.
- Generalized clonic seizures: - CORRECT-ANSWERSthis seizure is characterized by
muscle spasms.
- Generalized absence seizure: - CORRECT-ANSWERS-common in children
- -caused by a genetic abnormality
- -characterized by sudden and brief loss of consciousness without muscle tone
,- -last for only a few seconds
- -no associated post-ictal confusion.
- Wide variety of options available, is based on needs of the patient - CORRECT-
ANSWERSAnticonvulsants
- Removes the cause of the seizure - CORRECT-ANSWERSSurgery
- Ketogenic diet - CORRECT-ANSWERSProduces energy other than glucose to be used
by the brain
- Nerve stimulation - CORRECT-ANSWERSControls the seizure by influencing
neurotransmitter release
- An individual having a focal seizure without dyscognitive features will _______ -
CORRECT-ANSWERShave no impairment of consciousness
- Febrile seizures most often ___________ medication as they ___________. -
CORRECT-ANSWERSdo not need, resolve on their own.
- Tonic-clonic phase results in: - CORRECT-ANSWERS1. The muscles of the body
become contracted. without any relaxation.
- 2. Loss of consciousness.
- 3. Ictal cry. This is a typical sound produced by the tonic contractions of the laryngeal
muscles and muscles of expiration.
- 4. Respiratory impairment that results in cyanosis.
- 5. Tonic contraction of the jaw muscles that can cause tongue biting.
- 6. Increased sympathetic activity. This will cause increased heart rate and blood pressure
- Tonic-clonic phase lasts __________ - CORRECT-ANSWERS10-20 seconds
,- Tonic-clonic phase is due to __________________ - CORRECT-ANSWERSthe
excessive discharge of neurons in the motor nerves
- Underlying cause of BPH - CORRECT-ANSWERS5delta-reductace activity increases
with age
- -increases dihydrotestosterone levels
- -normal prostate cells respond to the increase in dihydrotestosterone levels by living
longer and multiplying
- acute kidney injury/acute renal failure - CORRECT-ANSWERSsudden loss of kidney
function
- Reversible
- S/S:
- -oliguria (<30mL/hr)
- -increased BUN & creatinine
- -fluid & electrolyte abnormalities
- Prerenal - CORRECT-ANSWERSMost common type of Acute Renal Failure
- Sudden & severe drop in BP (shock) or interruption of blood flow to the kidneys from
severe injury or illness
- -causes: hypotension, decreased CO, decreased blood volume
- Intrarenal (intrinsic) - CORRECT-ANSWERSDirect damage to the kidneys by
inflammation, toxins, drugs, infection, or decreased blood supply.
- -Causes: acute tubular necrosis (ATN), acute glomerulonephritis, and other
glomerulopathies
, - Postrenal - CORRECT-ANSWERSSudden obstruction of urine flow due to enlarged
prostate, kidney stones, bladder tumors, or injury.
- Prerenal labs - CORRECT-ANSWERS-increased creatinine
- -increased BUN
- -increased BUN/creatinine ratio 20:1
- -concentrated urine (high osmolarity)
- Intrinsic renal failure labs - CORRECT-ANSWERS-increased creatining
- -increased BUN
- -BUN/creatinine ratio <15:1
- -dilute urine
- Best way to differentiate between prerenal and intrinsic renal failure - CORRECT-
ANSWERSBUN/creatinine ratio
- Most common damage to the kidneys in intrinsic (intrinsic) renal disease is ___________
- CORRECT-ANSWERStubular (85%)
- others are:
- glomerular (5%)
- interstitial (8%)
- vascular (<2%)
- Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) - CORRECT-ANSWERSProgressive loss of renal
function that can develop as a complication of unresolved AKI or systemic diseases,
including HTN, DM (most significant risk factor), SLE or intrinsic kidney disease.
- Risk factor for development of UTI - CORRECT-ANSWERSPregnancy
- Help prevent a UTI - CORRECT-ANSWERSIncrease water consumption
