WGU D236 Pathophysiology Final Exam Questions With
100% Verified Solutions And Rationales
Artherosclerosis - ANSWER- Hardening and narrowing of the arteries due to
buildup of cholesterol plaques
1.endothelial injury
2.foam cell formation
3.fatty streak formation
angina pectoris - ANSWER- chest pain, which may radiate to the left arm and
jaw, that occurs when there is an insufficient supply of blood to the heart muscle
myocardial infarction - ANSWER- the occlusion of one or more coronary arteries
caused by plaque buildup (heart attack)
endocaritis - ANSWER- inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
peridcarditis - ANSWER- inflammation of the pericardium (sack surrounding
heart)
benign vs malignant hypertension - ANSWER- benign - "essential hypertension",
chronic vascular damage due to sodium retention.
malignant - acute vascular damage due to renin release
communicable disease - ANSWER- A disease that can be spread from one person
or species to another.
infectious disease - ANSWER- A disease that is caused by a pathogen and that
can be spread from one individual to another.
myocardial infarction causes damage to - ANSWER- arteries of : brain, retina,
heart, kidneys.
what is expected in right sided heart falure - ANSWER- JVD
what characterizes hypertensive crisis - ANSWER- systolic BP > 180
types of anemia - ANSWER- - Aplastic (decreased or missing RBC production)
- Iron Deficiency
- Folic Acid Deficiency
,- Vitamin B12 Deficiency/Pernicious
- Hemolytic (breakdown of RBCs faster than produced)
- Sickle Cell (RBCs die too early, shortage of RBCs)
Where does cancer originate from in leukemia? - ANSWER- bone marrow
CD4 cells - ANSWER- Helper T cells that mature in thymus that active B cells to
create immunity
Hodgkin's lymphoma - ANSWER- distinguished from other lymphomas by the
presence of large, cancerous lymphocytes known as Reed-Sternberg cells
Lymphocytosis - ANSWER- abnormal increase in lymphocytes, asymptomatic
Stable angina - ANSWER- predictable and consistent pain that occurs on exertion
and is relieved by rest and/or nitroglycerin
Upper respiratory tract infection - ANSWER- common cold, laryngitis, croup,
pharyngitis, rhinitis, sinusitis, and tonsillitis
lower respiratory tract infection - ANSWER- pneumonia, bronchitis, tuberculosis
conditions that lead to COPD - ANSWER- smoking, asthma, dust, chemicals,
genetics
pnemonia - ANSWER- an inflammation in the lung caused by infection from
bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, or resulting from aspiration of chemicals.
Hear crackles and rhonchi.
Asthma - ANSWER- treatment resistant bronchospasm, same category of COPD
pneumothorax - ANSWER- air in the pleural cavity caused by a puncture of the
lung or chest wall
cor pulmonale - ANSWER- right-sided heart failure arising from chronic lung
disease
Coal Worker's Pneumoconiosis - ANSWER- Carbon dust, seen in coal miners.
Massive exposure leads to diffuse fibrosis('black lung')
common characteristics of chronic digestive system disorders - ANSWER-
(Celiac, Chron's, Colitis...) Abdominal pain, weight loss, changes in
urination/bowel movements, bleeding, diarrhea, n/v....
,common characteristics of acute digestive system disorders - ANSWER- (GERD,
IBS, Hiatal hernia...) Abd pain, bleeding, bloating, diarrhea, heartburn, n/v
pyelonephritis - ANSWER- Inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney; caused
by bacterial infection (commonly E. Coli)
glomerulonephritis - ANSWER- inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys
from injury or illness
renal calculi (kidney stones) - ANSWER- -Minerals in urine crystallize
-Most can pass, but some become too big and obstruct a ureter
renal cell carcinoma - ANSWER- cancerous tumor that arises from kidney tubule
cells; flank pain, hematuria, abd lump
end-stage renal disease (ESRD) - ANSWER- any type of kidney disease in which
there is little or no remaining kidney function, requiring the patient to undergo
dialysis or kidney transplant for survival. Symptoms: n/v, fatigue, change in
urination, chest pain, HTN, AMS
Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT) - ANSWER- method used to
replace normal kidney function by circulating the patient's blood through a
hemofilter and returning it to the patient. benefit over other dialysis - happens 24
hrs/ day > slower shift in electrolytes
ulcerative colitis - ANSWER- chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of
ulcers - autoimmune and inflammatory bowel diseases
Diverticulitis - ANSWER- inflammation of a diverticulum, especially in the
colon, causing pain and disturbance of bowel function. Relieved by bowel
movement, advise against enema and colonoscopy.
organ targeted by virus that causes hep c - ANSWER- liver
Hepatisis A,B,C,D,E spreads - ANSWER- A and E - fecal/oral
BCD - blood, bodily fluids
Cholecystitis - ANSWER- inflammation of the gallbladder; usually associated
with gallstones (RUQ pain radiates to back)
GERD cause - ANSWER- failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to close
pancreatitis - ANSWER- inflammation of the pancreas, can be cause by gallstone
blocks common bile duct
, Chron's disease - ANSWER- A chronic inflammatory bowel disease that affects
the lining of the digestive tract, chronic symptoms: diarrhea, sores, fistula, weight
loss
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) - ANSWER- rapid loss of renal function due to
damage to the kidneys; formerly called acute renal failure
Colon cancer symptoms/signs? - ANSWER- 1. Right sided - iron deficiency
anemia
2. Left sided - obstruction
3. "Apple core" lesion on barium enema
4. Pencil thin stools
5. Hematochezia (bright red blood)
6. Colicky pain
6. Partial obstruction
risk factors for renal cancer - ANSWER- smoking, overweight, HTN
risk factors for bladder cancer - ANSWER- Smoking**, occupational exposure to
dyes (benzenes, aromatic amines), Hx of gross hematuria, >40 y/o, hx of urologic
disorder, Hx of irritative voiding symptoms, Hx of UTI, analgesic abuse, history
of pelvic irradiation
GFR (glomerular filtration rate) - ANSWER- used to stage chronic renal disease
common characteristics of endocrine system disorders - ANSWER- dark skin
spots, low BP, fatigue, n/v/d
common treatments for prostate and testicular cancers - ANSWER- orchiectomy
or radiation
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) - ANSWER- inflammation and infection of
organs in the pelvic region; symptoms: pain in pelvis, abd, vagina, during sex,
during urination, cramps, vaginal dischrge/odor
Thyroid cancer - ANSWER- Papillary carcinoma, lump in neck - dysphagia,
voice changes
Graves disease - ANSWER- an autoimmune disorder that is caused by
hyperthyroidism and is characterized by goiter and/or exophthalmos. Other
symptoms/signs: tachycardia, thick patch of skin on legs, protruding eyes, weight-
loss, insomnia
Hypothyroidism - ANSWER- A disorder caused by a thyroid gland that is slower
100% Verified Solutions And Rationales
Artherosclerosis - ANSWER- Hardening and narrowing of the arteries due to
buildup of cholesterol plaques
1.endothelial injury
2.foam cell formation
3.fatty streak formation
angina pectoris - ANSWER- chest pain, which may radiate to the left arm and
jaw, that occurs when there is an insufficient supply of blood to the heart muscle
myocardial infarction - ANSWER- the occlusion of one or more coronary arteries
caused by plaque buildup (heart attack)
endocaritis - ANSWER- inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
peridcarditis - ANSWER- inflammation of the pericardium (sack surrounding
heart)
benign vs malignant hypertension - ANSWER- benign - "essential hypertension",
chronic vascular damage due to sodium retention.
malignant - acute vascular damage due to renin release
communicable disease - ANSWER- A disease that can be spread from one person
or species to another.
infectious disease - ANSWER- A disease that is caused by a pathogen and that
can be spread from one individual to another.
myocardial infarction causes damage to - ANSWER- arteries of : brain, retina,
heart, kidneys.
what is expected in right sided heart falure - ANSWER- JVD
what characterizes hypertensive crisis - ANSWER- systolic BP > 180
types of anemia - ANSWER- - Aplastic (decreased or missing RBC production)
- Iron Deficiency
- Folic Acid Deficiency
,- Vitamin B12 Deficiency/Pernicious
- Hemolytic (breakdown of RBCs faster than produced)
- Sickle Cell (RBCs die too early, shortage of RBCs)
Where does cancer originate from in leukemia? - ANSWER- bone marrow
CD4 cells - ANSWER- Helper T cells that mature in thymus that active B cells to
create immunity
Hodgkin's lymphoma - ANSWER- distinguished from other lymphomas by the
presence of large, cancerous lymphocytes known as Reed-Sternberg cells
Lymphocytosis - ANSWER- abnormal increase in lymphocytes, asymptomatic
Stable angina - ANSWER- predictable and consistent pain that occurs on exertion
and is relieved by rest and/or nitroglycerin
Upper respiratory tract infection - ANSWER- common cold, laryngitis, croup,
pharyngitis, rhinitis, sinusitis, and tonsillitis
lower respiratory tract infection - ANSWER- pneumonia, bronchitis, tuberculosis
conditions that lead to COPD - ANSWER- smoking, asthma, dust, chemicals,
genetics
pnemonia - ANSWER- an inflammation in the lung caused by infection from
bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, or resulting from aspiration of chemicals.
Hear crackles and rhonchi.
Asthma - ANSWER- treatment resistant bronchospasm, same category of COPD
pneumothorax - ANSWER- air in the pleural cavity caused by a puncture of the
lung or chest wall
cor pulmonale - ANSWER- right-sided heart failure arising from chronic lung
disease
Coal Worker's Pneumoconiosis - ANSWER- Carbon dust, seen in coal miners.
Massive exposure leads to diffuse fibrosis('black lung')
common characteristics of chronic digestive system disorders - ANSWER-
(Celiac, Chron's, Colitis...) Abdominal pain, weight loss, changes in
urination/bowel movements, bleeding, diarrhea, n/v....
,common characteristics of acute digestive system disorders - ANSWER- (GERD,
IBS, Hiatal hernia...) Abd pain, bleeding, bloating, diarrhea, heartburn, n/v
pyelonephritis - ANSWER- Inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney; caused
by bacterial infection (commonly E. Coli)
glomerulonephritis - ANSWER- inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys
from injury or illness
renal calculi (kidney stones) - ANSWER- -Minerals in urine crystallize
-Most can pass, but some become too big and obstruct a ureter
renal cell carcinoma - ANSWER- cancerous tumor that arises from kidney tubule
cells; flank pain, hematuria, abd lump
end-stage renal disease (ESRD) - ANSWER- any type of kidney disease in which
there is little or no remaining kidney function, requiring the patient to undergo
dialysis or kidney transplant for survival. Symptoms: n/v, fatigue, change in
urination, chest pain, HTN, AMS
Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT) - ANSWER- method used to
replace normal kidney function by circulating the patient's blood through a
hemofilter and returning it to the patient. benefit over other dialysis - happens 24
hrs/ day > slower shift in electrolytes
ulcerative colitis - ANSWER- chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of
ulcers - autoimmune and inflammatory bowel diseases
Diverticulitis - ANSWER- inflammation of a diverticulum, especially in the
colon, causing pain and disturbance of bowel function. Relieved by bowel
movement, advise against enema and colonoscopy.
organ targeted by virus that causes hep c - ANSWER- liver
Hepatisis A,B,C,D,E spreads - ANSWER- A and E - fecal/oral
BCD - blood, bodily fluids
Cholecystitis - ANSWER- inflammation of the gallbladder; usually associated
with gallstones (RUQ pain radiates to back)
GERD cause - ANSWER- failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to close
pancreatitis - ANSWER- inflammation of the pancreas, can be cause by gallstone
blocks common bile duct
, Chron's disease - ANSWER- A chronic inflammatory bowel disease that affects
the lining of the digestive tract, chronic symptoms: diarrhea, sores, fistula, weight
loss
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) - ANSWER- rapid loss of renal function due to
damage to the kidneys; formerly called acute renal failure
Colon cancer symptoms/signs? - ANSWER- 1. Right sided - iron deficiency
anemia
2. Left sided - obstruction
3. "Apple core" lesion on barium enema
4. Pencil thin stools
5. Hematochezia (bright red blood)
6. Colicky pain
6. Partial obstruction
risk factors for renal cancer - ANSWER- smoking, overweight, HTN
risk factors for bladder cancer - ANSWER- Smoking**, occupational exposure to
dyes (benzenes, aromatic amines), Hx of gross hematuria, >40 y/o, hx of urologic
disorder, Hx of irritative voiding symptoms, Hx of UTI, analgesic abuse, history
of pelvic irradiation
GFR (glomerular filtration rate) - ANSWER- used to stage chronic renal disease
common characteristics of endocrine system disorders - ANSWER- dark skin
spots, low BP, fatigue, n/v/d
common treatments for prostate and testicular cancers - ANSWER- orchiectomy
or radiation
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) - ANSWER- inflammation and infection of
organs in the pelvic region; symptoms: pain in pelvis, abd, vagina, during sex,
during urination, cramps, vaginal dischrge/odor
Thyroid cancer - ANSWER- Papillary carcinoma, lump in neck - dysphagia,
voice changes
Graves disease - ANSWER- an autoimmune disorder that is caused by
hyperthyroidism and is characterized by goiter and/or exophthalmos. Other
symptoms/signs: tachycardia, thick patch of skin on legs, protruding eyes, weight-
loss, insomnia
Hypothyroidism - ANSWER- A disorder caused by a thyroid gland that is slower
