Inhoud:
Null & alternative
hypothesis……………………………………………………………………………….…..…..4
Independent & dependent
variables…………………………………………………………………….….4 & 8
Levels of measurement (categorical/continuous)..…………………….
……………………….…….5 & 8
Central
tendencies………………………………………………………………………………………….
……….....5
Frequency
distribution………………………………………………………………………………….
………..……6
Measurement
error………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………….9
Correlational & experimental research
methods……………………………………………………………9
Unsystematic & systematic
variation……………………………………………………………………….……9
Examples of levels of
measurements…………………………………………………………………………..10
Frequency
distributions…………………………………………………………………………………………
…..11
Z-
score……………………………………………………………………………………………………
…..……………11
Standard normal distribution…………………………………………………….
……………………..12
Parameters…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………12 & 16
Standard
error……………………………………………………………………………………………………
………12
Standard error vs. measurement
error………………………………………………………………13
Standard error vs. standard
deviation……………………………………………………………….13
1
,Central limit
theorem………………………………………………………………………………………….13
& 24
Confidence
intervals………………………………………………………………………………..….14 & 42
& 57
Order of research
process…………………………………………………………………………………………..15
Statistical
models…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……15
Skewness &
kurtosis……………………………………………………………………………………..…….17
& 20
P-
value……………………………………………………………………………………………………
………….17 & 23
Type 1 & 2
error…………………………………………………………………………………………….….17
Effect size.……………………………………………………………………………………….
………….17 & 41 & 69
Cohen’s
d……………………………………………………………………………………………………….5
6
TASK Why do we use
samples?............................................................................................18
TASK What is the mean and how do we tell if it’s representative of our
data?......................18
TASK What’s the difference between the standard deviation and the
standard error?........18
TASK What do the sum of squares, variance & standard deviation
represent?....................18
How to report
data……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
19
QUIZ If a b-value (a parameter) has a small error what can we
conclude?...........................21
QUIZ Which of the following best describes the relationship between
sample size and significance
testing?...........................................................................................................22
2
,QUIZ Under a null hypothesis, a sample value yields a p-value of 0.15.
which of the following statements is
true?..............................................................................................23
Independence………………………………………………………………………………………
…………….23 & 29
Homoscedasticity…………………………………………………………………………………
…………….23 & 27
Bias…………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………….24
Outliers.……………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………..25
Overview of Assumptions…….
………………………………………………………………………………..…..25
Additivity &
linearity………………………………………………………………………………………………
…..26
Normality……………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………….26
Reducing
bias……………………………………………………………………………………………………
………31
Covariance………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………..32 & 37
Correlation coefficient…………………………………………………..…….
…………………………………….32
How to Report Correlation
Coefficients…………………………………………………………….41
Pearson’s r + exam examples…………………………….
………………………………………………...31 & 39
Parametric & non-parametric
tests……………………………………………………………………………..34
Spearman’s
rho………………………………………………………………………………………..…………35
& 39
Kendall’s tau.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
35
Biserial & point-biserial
correlation……………………………………………………………………………..35
3
, (Semi-)partial correlations..
………………………………………………………………………………………..36
Correlation & causality…....
………………………………………………………………………………….37 & 44
Fisher’s z (Converting r to z)
………………………………………………………………………………………..39
The Coefficient of
Determination………………………………………………………………………………..40
Bivariate
correlation……………………………………………………………………………………………
……..40
Bootstrapping………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………43
Correlation vs
regression……………………………………………………………………………………………
44
Linear
regression……………………………………………………………………………………………
.….45 & 46
R² & F (regression)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………46
Bias in linear
models…………………………………………………………………………………………………
.47
Generalising the
model………………………………………………………………………………………………48
Sample Size and the Linear
Model……………………………………………………………………………….48
Fitting linear regression
models………………………………………………………………………………….49
How to read SPSS
output……………………………………………………………………………………………50
Comparing
means…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…..51
T-tests (one sample, paired, independent)……….
…………………………………………………………..52
Paired samples t-
test……………………………………………………………………………………….54
4
Null & alternative
hypothesis……………………………………………………………………………….…..…..4
Independent & dependent
variables…………………………………………………………………….….4 & 8
Levels of measurement (categorical/continuous)..…………………….
……………………….…….5 & 8
Central
tendencies………………………………………………………………………………………….
……….....5
Frequency
distribution………………………………………………………………………………….
………..……6
Measurement
error………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………….9
Correlational & experimental research
methods……………………………………………………………9
Unsystematic & systematic
variation……………………………………………………………………….……9
Examples of levels of
measurements…………………………………………………………………………..10
Frequency
distributions…………………………………………………………………………………………
…..11
Z-
score……………………………………………………………………………………………………
…..……………11
Standard normal distribution…………………………………………………….
……………………..12
Parameters…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………12 & 16
Standard
error……………………………………………………………………………………………………
………12
Standard error vs. measurement
error………………………………………………………………13
Standard error vs. standard
deviation……………………………………………………………….13
1
,Central limit
theorem………………………………………………………………………………………….13
& 24
Confidence
intervals………………………………………………………………………………..….14 & 42
& 57
Order of research
process…………………………………………………………………………………………..15
Statistical
models…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……15
Skewness &
kurtosis……………………………………………………………………………………..…….17
& 20
P-
value……………………………………………………………………………………………………
………….17 & 23
Type 1 & 2
error…………………………………………………………………………………………….….17
Effect size.……………………………………………………………………………………….
………….17 & 41 & 69
Cohen’s
d……………………………………………………………………………………………………….5
6
TASK Why do we use
samples?............................................................................................18
TASK What is the mean and how do we tell if it’s representative of our
data?......................18
TASK What’s the difference between the standard deviation and the
standard error?........18
TASK What do the sum of squares, variance & standard deviation
represent?....................18
How to report
data……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
19
QUIZ If a b-value (a parameter) has a small error what can we
conclude?...........................21
QUIZ Which of the following best describes the relationship between
sample size and significance
testing?...........................................................................................................22
2
,QUIZ Under a null hypothesis, a sample value yields a p-value of 0.15.
which of the following statements is
true?..............................................................................................23
Independence………………………………………………………………………………………
…………….23 & 29
Homoscedasticity…………………………………………………………………………………
…………….23 & 27
Bias…………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………….24
Outliers.……………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………..25
Overview of Assumptions…….
………………………………………………………………………………..…..25
Additivity &
linearity………………………………………………………………………………………………
…..26
Normality……………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………….26
Reducing
bias……………………………………………………………………………………………………
………31
Covariance………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………..32 & 37
Correlation coefficient…………………………………………………..…….
…………………………………….32
How to Report Correlation
Coefficients…………………………………………………………….41
Pearson’s r + exam examples…………………………….
………………………………………………...31 & 39
Parametric & non-parametric
tests……………………………………………………………………………..34
Spearman’s
rho………………………………………………………………………………………..…………35
& 39
Kendall’s tau.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
35
Biserial & point-biserial
correlation……………………………………………………………………………..35
3
, (Semi-)partial correlations..
………………………………………………………………………………………..36
Correlation & causality…....
………………………………………………………………………………….37 & 44
Fisher’s z (Converting r to z)
………………………………………………………………………………………..39
The Coefficient of
Determination………………………………………………………………………………..40
Bivariate
correlation……………………………………………………………………………………………
……..40
Bootstrapping………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………43
Correlation vs
regression……………………………………………………………………………………………
44
Linear
regression……………………………………………………………………………………………
.….45 & 46
R² & F (regression)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………46
Bias in linear
models…………………………………………………………………………………………………
.47
Generalising the
model………………………………………………………………………………………………48
Sample Size and the Linear
Model……………………………………………………………………………….48
Fitting linear regression
models………………………………………………………………………………….49
How to read SPSS
output……………………………………………………………………………………………50
Comparing
means…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…..51
T-tests (one sample, paired, independent)……….
…………………………………………………………..52
Paired samples t-
test……………………………………………………………………………………….54
4
