Oxford Cambridge and RSA
End Term Exam
NURS 660 Final Exam (2025) - Complete Q&A
- 100% Accurate & Graded
Time allowed:
A+
* J 2 5 7 0 1 *
INSTRUCTIONS
• Write your answer to each question in the space provided. If you need extra space use the
lined pages at the end of this booklet. The question numbers must be clearly shown.
• Answer all the questions.
• Where appropriate, your answer should be supported with working. Marks might be given
for using a correct method, even if your answer is wrong.
ADVICE
• Read each question carefully before you start your answer.
© OCR 2025/26 [EXAM/T/YD]) 6895596/3
Turn over
,Blocking Muscarinic receptors causes (5) - ✔✔Anticholinergic side effects:
-Dry mouth -Tachycardia -Urinary retention -Blurred vision -Constipation
Anticholinergic side effects (5) - ✔✔Dry mouth Tachycardia
Urinary retention Blurred vision Constipation
Positive symptoms: (reflect the development of the symptoms of pyschosis). - ✔✔Dramatic, reflect loss of touch with
reality:
Delusions Hallucinations Distortions or exaggerations in language and communication Disorganized speech Disorganized
behavior Catatonic behavior Agitation
Negative symptoms (reflect loss of normal function and feeling): - ✔✔Losing interest in things
Not able to experience pleasure: adehonia
Blunted affect
Emotional withdrawal
Poor raport
Apathy
Alogia: restriction in fluency or productivity of thought and speech
Avolition: restrictions in initiation of goal directed behavior
Malfunction of mesocortical circuits and may also involve mesolimbic regions such as - ✔✔nucleaus accumbens
Nucleus accumbens responsible for: (2) - ✔✔reward and motivation. Increased rate of substance use and abuse.
The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia postulates that hyperactivity of ________receptor neurotransmission in
________ and ____ brain regions contribute to _______ symptoms of schizophrenia - ✔✔- D2 receptor
neurotransmission in
-subcortical and limbic brain regions contributes to positive symptoms of schizophrenia,
The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia postulates that negative and cogntivite symptoms of this disorder can be
attributed to ____ of __ receptor in the _____ ____ - ✔✔hypofunctionality of dopamine D1 receptor neurotransmission
in the prefrontal cortex
,Dopamine pathways: - ✔✔Nigrostriatal
Mesolimbic
Mesocortical
Tuberoinfundibular
Role of nigrostriatal pathway in schizophrenia: - ✔✔- Extrapyramidal nervous system
-Controls motor function
- Controls movement
Dopamine deficiency in the nigrostriatal pathway can cause: (4) - ✔✔1. Parkinsonism w/ tremor
2. Rigidity
3. Akinesia
4. Bradykinesia
Excess dopamine in the nigrostriatal pathway can cause: Hyperkinetic movements (3) - ✔✔Tics
Dyskinesia (involuntary movement)
Chorea (dance)
Chronic blockage of D2 receptors at the Nigrostriatal pathway causes: - ✔✔Tardive dyskinesia
Role of Mesolimbic pathway in schizophrenia: - ✔✔Regulates emotional behaviors
Mesolimbic pathway is responsible for these feelings:
2 - ✔✔- Pleasure sensation
- POWERFUL EUPHORIA
Mesolimbic pathway is responsible for these ________ symptoms:
3 - ✔✔Positive symptoms
1. Delusions
2. Hallucinations
3. Hyperactivity
, Role of mesocortical pathway in schizophrenia: to send ____ to areas of the _______ _____ - ✔✔Axons to areas of the
prefrontal cortex
Axons sent via the mesocortical pathway mediate _________ symptoms in the DLPFC and _______ symptoms in the
VMPFC - ✔✔cognitive symptoms and affective
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) mediate __________ symptoms of schizophrenia due to _____ of the
mesocortical dopamine pathway. - ✔✔negative symptoms
HYPOactivity
Negative symptoms mediated by DLPFC - ✔✔Apathy
Cognition
VMPFC mediates Negative and affective symptoms associated with schizophrenia due to - ✔✔HYPOactivity
Affective symptoms of schizophrenia - ✔✔dysphoria, suicidality, hopelessness
negative symptoms of schizophrenia - ✔✔disturbance of affect, blunting (severe reduction in the intensity of affect
expression), flat affect, inappropriate affect (might laugh hysterically while describing someones death)
negative symptoms of schizophrenia - ✔✔the absence of appropriate behaviors (expressionless faces, rigid bodies)
positive symptoms of schizophrenia - ✔✔- Delusions
- thought broadcasting
- hallucinations
- disorganized thought
-disorganized behaviour, - catatonia
catatonia - ✔✔a state of unresponsiveness to one's outside environment, usually including muscle rigidity, staring, and
inability to communicate
Role of Tuberinfundibular pathway in schizophrenia - ✔✔Prolactin secretion
End Term Exam
NURS 660 Final Exam (2025) - Complete Q&A
- 100% Accurate & Graded
Time allowed:
A+
* J 2 5 7 0 1 *
INSTRUCTIONS
• Write your answer to each question in the space provided. If you need extra space use the
lined pages at the end of this booklet. The question numbers must be clearly shown.
• Answer all the questions.
• Where appropriate, your answer should be supported with working. Marks might be given
for using a correct method, even if your answer is wrong.
ADVICE
• Read each question carefully before you start your answer.
© OCR 2025/26 [EXAM/T/YD]) 6895596/3
Turn over
,Blocking Muscarinic receptors causes (5) - ✔✔Anticholinergic side effects:
-Dry mouth -Tachycardia -Urinary retention -Blurred vision -Constipation
Anticholinergic side effects (5) - ✔✔Dry mouth Tachycardia
Urinary retention Blurred vision Constipation
Positive symptoms: (reflect the development of the symptoms of pyschosis). - ✔✔Dramatic, reflect loss of touch with
reality:
Delusions Hallucinations Distortions or exaggerations in language and communication Disorganized speech Disorganized
behavior Catatonic behavior Agitation
Negative symptoms (reflect loss of normal function and feeling): - ✔✔Losing interest in things
Not able to experience pleasure: adehonia
Blunted affect
Emotional withdrawal
Poor raport
Apathy
Alogia: restriction in fluency or productivity of thought and speech
Avolition: restrictions in initiation of goal directed behavior
Malfunction of mesocortical circuits and may also involve mesolimbic regions such as - ✔✔nucleaus accumbens
Nucleus accumbens responsible for: (2) - ✔✔reward and motivation. Increased rate of substance use and abuse.
The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia postulates that hyperactivity of ________receptor neurotransmission in
________ and ____ brain regions contribute to _______ symptoms of schizophrenia - ✔✔- D2 receptor
neurotransmission in
-subcortical and limbic brain regions contributes to positive symptoms of schizophrenia,
The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia postulates that negative and cogntivite symptoms of this disorder can be
attributed to ____ of __ receptor in the _____ ____ - ✔✔hypofunctionality of dopamine D1 receptor neurotransmission
in the prefrontal cortex
,Dopamine pathways: - ✔✔Nigrostriatal
Mesolimbic
Mesocortical
Tuberoinfundibular
Role of nigrostriatal pathway in schizophrenia: - ✔✔- Extrapyramidal nervous system
-Controls motor function
- Controls movement
Dopamine deficiency in the nigrostriatal pathway can cause: (4) - ✔✔1. Parkinsonism w/ tremor
2. Rigidity
3. Akinesia
4. Bradykinesia
Excess dopamine in the nigrostriatal pathway can cause: Hyperkinetic movements (3) - ✔✔Tics
Dyskinesia (involuntary movement)
Chorea (dance)
Chronic blockage of D2 receptors at the Nigrostriatal pathway causes: - ✔✔Tardive dyskinesia
Role of Mesolimbic pathway in schizophrenia: - ✔✔Regulates emotional behaviors
Mesolimbic pathway is responsible for these feelings:
2 - ✔✔- Pleasure sensation
- POWERFUL EUPHORIA
Mesolimbic pathway is responsible for these ________ symptoms:
3 - ✔✔Positive symptoms
1. Delusions
2. Hallucinations
3. Hyperactivity
, Role of mesocortical pathway in schizophrenia: to send ____ to areas of the _______ _____ - ✔✔Axons to areas of the
prefrontal cortex
Axons sent via the mesocortical pathway mediate _________ symptoms in the DLPFC and _______ symptoms in the
VMPFC - ✔✔cognitive symptoms and affective
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) mediate __________ symptoms of schizophrenia due to _____ of the
mesocortical dopamine pathway. - ✔✔negative symptoms
HYPOactivity
Negative symptoms mediated by DLPFC - ✔✔Apathy
Cognition
VMPFC mediates Negative and affective symptoms associated with schizophrenia due to - ✔✔HYPOactivity
Affective symptoms of schizophrenia - ✔✔dysphoria, suicidality, hopelessness
negative symptoms of schizophrenia - ✔✔disturbance of affect, blunting (severe reduction in the intensity of affect
expression), flat affect, inappropriate affect (might laugh hysterically while describing someones death)
negative symptoms of schizophrenia - ✔✔the absence of appropriate behaviors (expressionless faces, rigid bodies)
positive symptoms of schizophrenia - ✔✔- Delusions
- thought broadcasting
- hallucinations
- disorganized thought
-disorganized behaviour, - catatonia
catatonia - ✔✔a state of unresponsiveness to one's outside environment, usually including muscle rigidity, staring, and
inability to communicate
Role of Tuberinfundibular pathway in schizophrenia - ✔✔Prolactin secretion
