1|Page
Pediatrics Final Exam
ATI Pediatrics Final Exam Questions and Answers – EXACT EXAM – 100%
Verified Solutions
LATEST UPDATED MAY 2025
What is the pathophysiology of appendicitis? - CORRECT ANSWER - Blockage in the appendix lining (lumen)
leads to inflammation and infection; if untreated, the appendix can rupture, spreading infection to the abdomen
(peritonitis, bowel obstruction, shock, death).
Where is the appendix located?- CORRECT ANSWER - RLQ of abdomen
What are the cardinal signs of appendicitis?- CORRECT ANSWER - RLQ pain (rebound tenderness at
McBurney’s point, guarding), N/V, diarrhea, Rovsing sign (radiating pain), Psoas sign (pain with passive right
leg movement), Obturator sign (pain with hip/knee flexion and internal rotation), increased WBC
What are the treatment options for appendicitis?- CORRECT ANSWER - Appendectomy (open or laparoscopic)
and antibiotics (Amox-Clav, cefotaxime, fluoroquinolone-ciprofloxacin)
What is the pathophysiology of Gastroenteritis?- CORRECT ANSWER - Inflammation of the stomach and
intestines, typically caused by viral (rotavirus/norovirus), bacterial (E. coli, Salmonella, C. diff), or parasitic
infections.
What are the treatment options for Gastroenteritis?- CORRECT ANSWER - Rehydration (oral rehydration
therapy, IV fluids), continue feeding as tolerated (not BRAT diet), antipyretics (acetaminophen), antiemetics
(ondansetron), antibiotics (if bacterial), and probiotics.
What is Esophageal Atresia (EA)?- CORRECT ANSWER - Congenital condition where the esophagus does not
develop properly, resulting in a blind-ending esophagus (either connects to the stomach or forms an incomplete
connection).
What are the manifestations of Esophageal Atresia (EA)?- CORRECT ANSWER - Excessive saliva,
choking/coughing/cyanosis (3 C’s), inability to swallow, respiratory distress from aspiration or airway
obstruction, abdominal distension, malnutrition, frothy/bubbly secretions.
, 2|Page
What are the treatment options for Esophageal Atresia (EA)?- CORRECT ANSWER - Anastomosis (direct
connection of esophageal ends), esophageal elongation, staged repair, thermoregulation, airway suctioning,
drainage management.
What is Tracheoesophageal Fistula (TEF)?- CORRECT ANSWER - Congenital condition where there is an
abnormal connection between the trachea and esophagus; often occurs with EA but can present alone.
What are the manifestations of Tracheoesophageal Fistula (TEF)?- CORRECT ANSWER -
Coughing/choking/cyanosis (especially during feeding), respiratory distress, regurgitation/feeding difficulties,
abdominal distention, excessive drooling.
What are the treatment options for Tracheoesophageal Fistula (TEF)?- CORRECT ANSWER - Ligation
(closure) of fistula, anastomosis if EA is present.
What is Cleft Lip?- CORRECT ANSWER - Occurs when the upper lip fails to fuse properly during early
pregnancy, leading to a split or gap in the lip (unilateral or bilateral).
What are the manifestations of Cleft Lip?- CORRECT ANSWER - Pain and discomfort, edema, bruising,
feeding difficulties, mild congestion; assess palate.
What are the treatment options for Cleft Lip?- CORRECT ANSWER - Cheiloplasty (cleft lip repair), bulb
syringe/medicine dropper/special nipple for feeding, OT/speech therapy, altered dentition management.
What is Pyloric Stenosis?- CORRECT ANSWER - Occurs when the pyloric sphincter (muscle between stomach
and small intestine) becomes abnormally thick and enlarged, obstructing the gastric outlet.
What are the manifestations of Pyloric Stenosis?- CORRECT ANSWER - Projectile vomiting, hunger after
vomiting, dehydration, weight loss, palpable olive-shaped mass in upper abdomen (right of midline), electrolyte
imbalance (hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis).
What are the treatment/interventions for Pyloric Stenosis?- CORRECT ANSWER - Hydration and electrolyte
replacement, NPO/IV, pyloromyotomy (cut/split thickened pyloric muscle), small/frequent post-op feedings,
Pediatrics Final Exam
ATI Pediatrics Final Exam Questions and Answers – EXACT EXAM – 100%
Verified Solutions
LATEST UPDATED MAY 2025
What is the pathophysiology of appendicitis? - CORRECT ANSWER - Blockage in the appendix lining (lumen)
leads to inflammation and infection; if untreated, the appendix can rupture, spreading infection to the abdomen
(peritonitis, bowel obstruction, shock, death).
Where is the appendix located?- CORRECT ANSWER - RLQ of abdomen
What are the cardinal signs of appendicitis?- CORRECT ANSWER - RLQ pain (rebound tenderness at
McBurney’s point, guarding), N/V, diarrhea, Rovsing sign (radiating pain), Psoas sign (pain with passive right
leg movement), Obturator sign (pain with hip/knee flexion and internal rotation), increased WBC
What are the treatment options for appendicitis?- CORRECT ANSWER - Appendectomy (open or laparoscopic)
and antibiotics (Amox-Clav, cefotaxime, fluoroquinolone-ciprofloxacin)
What is the pathophysiology of Gastroenteritis?- CORRECT ANSWER - Inflammation of the stomach and
intestines, typically caused by viral (rotavirus/norovirus), bacterial (E. coli, Salmonella, C. diff), or parasitic
infections.
What are the treatment options for Gastroenteritis?- CORRECT ANSWER - Rehydration (oral rehydration
therapy, IV fluids), continue feeding as tolerated (not BRAT diet), antipyretics (acetaminophen), antiemetics
(ondansetron), antibiotics (if bacterial), and probiotics.
What is Esophageal Atresia (EA)?- CORRECT ANSWER - Congenital condition where the esophagus does not
develop properly, resulting in a blind-ending esophagus (either connects to the stomach or forms an incomplete
connection).
What are the manifestations of Esophageal Atresia (EA)?- CORRECT ANSWER - Excessive saliva,
choking/coughing/cyanosis (3 C’s), inability to swallow, respiratory distress from aspiration or airway
obstruction, abdominal distension, malnutrition, frothy/bubbly secretions.
, 2|Page
What are the treatment options for Esophageal Atresia (EA)?- CORRECT ANSWER - Anastomosis (direct
connection of esophageal ends), esophageal elongation, staged repair, thermoregulation, airway suctioning,
drainage management.
What is Tracheoesophageal Fistula (TEF)?- CORRECT ANSWER - Congenital condition where there is an
abnormal connection between the trachea and esophagus; often occurs with EA but can present alone.
What are the manifestations of Tracheoesophageal Fistula (TEF)?- CORRECT ANSWER -
Coughing/choking/cyanosis (especially during feeding), respiratory distress, regurgitation/feeding difficulties,
abdominal distention, excessive drooling.
What are the treatment options for Tracheoesophageal Fistula (TEF)?- CORRECT ANSWER - Ligation
(closure) of fistula, anastomosis if EA is present.
What is Cleft Lip?- CORRECT ANSWER - Occurs when the upper lip fails to fuse properly during early
pregnancy, leading to a split or gap in the lip (unilateral or bilateral).
What are the manifestations of Cleft Lip?- CORRECT ANSWER - Pain and discomfort, edema, bruising,
feeding difficulties, mild congestion; assess palate.
What are the treatment options for Cleft Lip?- CORRECT ANSWER - Cheiloplasty (cleft lip repair), bulb
syringe/medicine dropper/special nipple for feeding, OT/speech therapy, altered dentition management.
What is Pyloric Stenosis?- CORRECT ANSWER - Occurs when the pyloric sphincter (muscle between stomach
and small intestine) becomes abnormally thick and enlarged, obstructing the gastric outlet.
What are the manifestations of Pyloric Stenosis?- CORRECT ANSWER - Projectile vomiting, hunger after
vomiting, dehydration, weight loss, palpable olive-shaped mass in upper abdomen (right of midline), electrolyte
imbalance (hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis).
What are the treatment/interventions for Pyloric Stenosis?- CORRECT ANSWER - Hydration and electrolyte
replacement, NPO/IV, pyloromyotomy (cut/split thickened pyloric muscle), small/frequent post-op feedings,
