MCCN SDAP X: Patho Exam 1 questions
with verified answers
neoplasia - correct answer ✔✔New volume of tissue.
dysplasia - correct answer ✔✔Abnormal volume of tissue.
- mild: 1/3 of tissue is abnormal
- moderate: 2/3 tissue is abnormal
- severe: all tissue is abnormal
Carcinoma in situ - correct answer ✔✔Severe dysplasia above basement membrane.
metaplasia - correct answer ✔✔Reversible abnormal volume of tissue.
carcinogen - correct answer ✔✔Capable of causing DNA mutation and malignancy; initiate
cellular changes.
Carcinogen risk factors ("triggers") - correct answer ✔✔- heredity (mutated tumor suppressor
genes)
- hormones
- immunologic mechanisms
- chemical carcinogens
- radiation (UV A & B)
- oncogenic viruses (malignant message)
- obesity
,Accidental DNA mutation - correct answer ✔✔Accidental errors in the replication of DNA. They
can either be benign or malignant. Many of these mutations happen spontaneously, while other
times it's due to environmental factors (chemical, radiation, etc.).
Tumor Cell Transformation - correct answer ✔✔Initiation - exposure of cells to doses of a
carcinogenic agent that induce malignant transformation; irreversible.
Promotion: induction of unregulated accelerated growth in already initiated cells by various
chemicals and growth factors.
Progression: process whereby tumor cells acquire malignant phenotypic changes (metastasize).
*Carcinogens are "initiators" of malignant cellular change.
How can carcinogens cause DNA mutation and cancer? - correct answer ✔✔1. Carcinogen
mutate proto-oncogene (tumor supressor).
2. Mutate DNA
3. Oncogene is activated .
4. Malignant, uncontrolled cell growth.
5. Ductal in situ
6.Secretion of enzymes.
7. Loss of adhesion and cohesion.
8. Positive lymph nodes
9. Metastasis
Malignant cellular changes. - correct answer ✔✔*More than one event (mutation) is usually
needed to cause malignant change.
, Initiation: the trigger or risk factor, carcinogens.
Promotion: continued mutation of DNA, failure to repair and apoptosis, then uncontrolled cell
growth.
Progression: lack of contact inhibition, lack of cohesion/adhesion, tumor angiogenesis factor.
Genetic mutation - correct answer ✔✔a biochemical event that results in a change in the DNA
sequence of a gene
Links between obesity and cancer. - correct answer ✔✔1/3 of all cancers are related to obesity
higher hormone levels can lead to higher cell production, which can lead to higher chance of
DNA mutation
diabetes
colorectal, breast, prostate, endometrial cancers
chronic inflammation lead to malignancies
adenocarcinoma - correct answer ✔✔A malignant glandular tumor.
ex. Breast cancer
sarcoma - correct answer ✔✔A malignant tumor originating in the connective tissue.
ex. Osteosarcoma
with verified answers
neoplasia - correct answer ✔✔New volume of tissue.
dysplasia - correct answer ✔✔Abnormal volume of tissue.
- mild: 1/3 of tissue is abnormal
- moderate: 2/3 tissue is abnormal
- severe: all tissue is abnormal
Carcinoma in situ - correct answer ✔✔Severe dysplasia above basement membrane.
metaplasia - correct answer ✔✔Reversible abnormal volume of tissue.
carcinogen - correct answer ✔✔Capable of causing DNA mutation and malignancy; initiate
cellular changes.
Carcinogen risk factors ("triggers") - correct answer ✔✔- heredity (mutated tumor suppressor
genes)
- hormones
- immunologic mechanisms
- chemical carcinogens
- radiation (UV A & B)
- oncogenic viruses (malignant message)
- obesity
,Accidental DNA mutation - correct answer ✔✔Accidental errors in the replication of DNA. They
can either be benign or malignant. Many of these mutations happen spontaneously, while other
times it's due to environmental factors (chemical, radiation, etc.).
Tumor Cell Transformation - correct answer ✔✔Initiation - exposure of cells to doses of a
carcinogenic agent that induce malignant transformation; irreversible.
Promotion: induction of unregulated accelerated growth in already initiated cells by various
chemicals and growth factors.
Progression: process whereby tumor cells acquire malignant phenotypic changes (metastasize).
*Carcinogens are "initiators" of malignant cellular change.
How can carcinogens cause DNA mutation and cancer? - correct answer ✔✔1. Carcinogen
mutate proto-oncogene (tumor supressor).
2. Mutate DNA
3. Oncogene is activated .
4. Malignant, uncontrolled cell growth.
5. Ductal in situ
6.Secretion of enzymes.
7. Loss of adhesion and cohesion.
8. Positive lymph nodes
9. Metastasis
Malignant cellular changes. - correct answer ✔✔*More than one event (mutation) is usually
needed to cause malignant change.
, Initiation: the trigger or risk factor, carcinogens.
Promotion: continued mutation of DNA, failure to repair and apoptosis, then uncontrolled cell
growth.
Progression: lack of contact inhibition, lack of cohesion/adhesion, tumor angiogenesis factor.
Genetic mutation - correct answer ✔✔a biochemical event that results in a change in the DNA
sequence of a gene
Links between obesity and cancer. - correct answer ✔✔1/3 of all cancers are related to obesity
higher hormone levels can lead to higher cell production, which can lead to higher chance of
DNA mutation
diabetes
colorectal, breast, prostate, endometrial cancers
chronic inflammation lead to malignancies
adenocarcinoma - correct answer ✔✔A malignant glandular tumor.
ex. Breast cancer
sarcoma - correct answer ✔✔A malignant tumor originating in the connective tissue.
ex. Osteosarcoma
