EDF 6223 Study Guide Questions And Answers Verified 100% Correct

EDF 6223 Study Guide Questions And Answers Verified 100% Correct what's the difference between DRI and DRA? - ANSWER in DRA, the alternative behavior doesn't necessarily have to be incompatible with the target behavior noncontingent reinforcement - ANSWER an antecedent intervention in which stimuli with known reinforcing properties are delivered on a FT or VT schedule independent of the learner's behavior why might NCR effectively diminish difficult to manage behaviors? - ANSWER the reinforcers that maintain the behavior are available freely and frequently, thereby functioning as an AO that reduces the motivation to engage in the behavior how do you enhance the effectiveness of NCR? - ANSWER the amount and quality of stimuli; combining NCR with extinction; and NCR stimuli may not continue competing with the reinforcers that maintain the problem behavior schedule of reinforcement for NCR? - ANSWER set the initial time value based on number of occurrences of the problem behavior and gradually thin using a constant time increase, proportional time increase, or session-to-session time increase or decrease how to calculate NCR schedule? - ANSWER (number of sessions x minutes per session) / total occurrence of target behavior high-p sequence - ANSWER a nonaversive procedure for improving compliance and diminishing escape-maintained problem behaviors. the practitioner presents 2-5 easy to follow instructions for which the participant has a history of compliance. when the learner complies with the high-p instructions, the practitioner immediately gives the target instruction (low-p) behavioral momentum - ANSWER a behavior's resistance to change following an alteration in reinforcement conditions. is used to describe the effects produced by the high-p instructional sequence how to use the high-p sequence effectively - ANSWER select high-p instructions from current repertoire that occur regularly and have a very short duration; present requests rapidly; acknowledge compliance; use potent reinforcers; reduce the number of high-p requests when learners consistently comply with low-p requests guidelines for using the high-p sequence - ANSWER compliance with high-p instructions should be 80% or greater; with low-p, 50% or less; don't use the high-p request sequence after an occurrence with problem behavior; present the high-p requests at the beginning and throughout the instructional period to reduce the possibility of problem behaviors producing reinforcement; present high-p instructions rapidly, with brief intervals what should the ratio of high-p to low-p instructions be when fading the intervention? - ANSWER 1-to-1 functional communication training - ANSWER establishes an appropriate communicative behavior to compete with the problem behaviors evoked by a MO. develops communicative behaviors that are sensitive to existing MOs. DRA is used to teach an adaptive response that is functionally equivalent to the problem behavior FCT is an effective treatment for many problem behaviors maintained by ___ ___ - ANSWER social attention effective use of FCT - ANSWER dense schedule of reinforcement; decreased use of verbal prompts; behavior reduction procedures why is thinning the FCT reinforcement schedule with constant time increases, proportional time increases, or session-to-session time increases ineffective? - ANSWER they are incompatible with the methods used to differentially reinforce the alternative communicative behavior because the FCT intervention doesn't alter the MO that evokes the problem behavior how do you thin an FCT schedule? - ANSWER once the communicative response is established, gradually thin the FI schedule. use clocks or picture cues to announce when reinforcement is available advantages of FCT - ANSWER excellent chance for generalization and maintenance of the alternative communicative response because the communicative response often functions to recruit reinforcement from significant others; may have high social validity disadvantages of FCT - ANSWER treatment packages usually include extinction, which may produce undesirable effects; participants may emit inappropriately high rates of the alternative communicative response; recruitments of reinforcement can occur at inconvenient or impossible times for the caregiver much of the misbehavior in children can be viewed as a form of - ANSWER communication what is the mechanism of behavior change that underlies the reduction of problem behavior using FCT? - ANSWER functional equivalence what concept is central to the success of FCT? - ANSWER recruiting natural contingencies of reinforcement 3 major components of token economies - ANSWER a list of target behaviors; tokens, points, or marks participants earn for emitting the target behavior; and a menu of backup reinforcers that participants obtain by exchanging earned tokens how do token economies work? - ANSWER the behaviors to be reinforced are identified and defined -- a medium exchange (token) is selected -- participants exchange earned tokens for backup reinforcers known or presumed to function as reinforcers for participants functions of tokens - ANSWER bridge the time and setting gap between the occurrence of a behavior and delivery of a backup reinforcer. function as generalized conditioned reinforcers and are independent of specific states of motivation level systems - ANSWER a type of token economy in which participants move up (or down) a hierarchy of tiers contingent on meeting specific performance criteria with respect to the target behaviors. as participants move "up", they have access to more privileges and are expected to demonstrate independence. students must acquire and achieve increasingly more refined repertoires while tokens, social praise, or other reinforcers are simultaneously decreased 3 assumptions of level systems - ANSWER combined techniques are more effective than individual contingencies introduced alone, student behaviors and expectations must be stated explicitly, and differential reinforcement is necessary to reinforce closer and closer approximations to the next level designing a token economy - ANSWER 1. identify target behaviors and rules: select only measurable and observable behaviors; specify criteria for task completion; make sure learners have prerequisite skills 2. select tokens 3. develop a menu of backup reinforcers 4. establish a token exchange ratio: the initial ratio between tokens earned and the price of backup reinforcers should be small 5. determine how the tokens will be dispensed 6. determine how the tokens will be exchanged: token exchange should be available frequently, then thinned 7. specify what happens if token requirements are not met: reinstate the contingency: "I'm sorry, you haven't earned enough tokens at this time. try again". response costs can be included 8. field-test the system