MCN 548 Chapter 32 Exam Questions And
Complete Answers
third week of gestation - ANSWER The GI system begins when?
foregut, midgut, and hindgut - ANSWER The GI system divides into the __________?
Liver, pancreas, and gallbladder - ANSWER The GI system includes the organs of
digestions and accessory organs:
Ingestion of food, mechanical dissolution of food, chemical dissolution of food
absorption of nutrients, and expulsion of waste products - ANSWER The GI system
provides these functions:
Upper esophageal sphincter - ANSWER prevents air from being swallowed while
breathing
Lower esophageal sphincter - ANSWER prevents food from being regurgitated from the
stomach
Small intestine - ANSWER absorption of nutrients into the systemic circulation through
villi
Carbohydrates - ANSWER must be converted to monosaccharides before absorption
(starts In the mouth and finishes in small intestine)
Fats - ANSWER Occurs mainly in the jejunum through the addition of lipases secreted by
pancreas
Proteins - ANSWER Converted into amino acids by pancreatic enzymes
Epigastric - ANSWER Epigastric: usually indicates pain from liver, pancreas, biliary tree,
stomach, and upper part of small bowel
Periumbilical - ANSWER Pain generated from the distal end of small intestine, cecum,
appendix, and ascending colon
Colonic - ANSWER Pain can be dull, diffuse, cramping, or burning in lower abdomen
Suprapubic - ANSWER Pain distal intestine, urinary tract, and pelvic organ dysfunction
Obtrurator sign - ANSWER supine patient flexes the right thigh at the hip with the knee
bent and internally rotates the hip - sign is positive when it induces abdominal pain
Psoas sign - ANSWER lies on the left side and extends and then flexes the right leg at the
,hip - sign is positive when it induces abdominal pain
Breath hydrogen test - ANSWER if lactose intolerance is suspected, this test is indicated
Oral steroids - ANSWER treatment of inflammatory bowel disease
Pain meds - ANSWER acute and chronic GI conditions, treatment
Iron supplementation - ANSWER supportive therapy for chronic disease
Probiotics and Prebiotics - ANSWER Stimulating favorable growth and activity of
bacteria
Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders - ANSWER Dysphagia
Vomiting and Dehydration
Dehydration
Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Peptic Ulcer Disease
Dysphagia - ANSWER difficulty swallowing
Oral phase: Dysphagia - ANSWER ingestion, mastication, and the propulsion of food to
the back of the mouth
Pharyngeal phase: Dysphagia - ANSWER the swallowing and transfer of food from the
pharynx to the esophagus
Airway closure is critical
Child must have intact motor and sensory pharyngeal protective mechanisms to prevent
aspiration
Esophageal phase: Dysphagia - ANSWER allows food to pass into the stomach
Structural defects - Dysphagia - ANSWER more difficult to swallow solids than liquids
Esophageal narrowing (stricture, web, or tumor) or extrinsic obstruction (vascular ring)
Neuro or motor disorders - Dysphagia - ANSWER Cerebral palsy or muscular dystrophy
Mucosal injury - Dysphagia - ANSWER GERD or gastritis
Dysphagia - ANSWER History:
Progressive dysfunction, drooling or cough, discomfort with swallowing or sense of food
getting stuck, feed refusal
, Dysphagia - ANSWER Diagnostic Studies :
Lateral neck films, barium swallow, videofluoroscopy swallowing study, Manometry
(gold standard for motor disorders), MRI (structural abnormalities)
Dysphagia - ANSWER Management:
Cognitive, developmental, and behavioral issue analysis
Comprehensive multidisciplinary approach - otolaryngology, gastroenterology,
nutrition, OT, psychology, and speech-language pathology may be involved
Vomiting - ANSWER the forceful emptying of gastric contents coordinated by the
medullary vomiting center and/or the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the brain
Newborn: vomiting causes - ANSWER infectious process, congenital gastrointestinal
anomaly, CNS abnormality, or inborn errors of metabolism
Infants and Young children: vomiting causes - ANSWER gastroenteritis, GERD, milk/soy
protein allergies, pyloric stenosis or obstructive lesion, inborn errors of metabolism,
intussusception, child abuse, intracranial mass lesion
Older children and adolescents: vomiting causes - ANSWER Gastroenteritis, systemic
illness, CNS (cyclic vomiting syndrome, abdominal migraine, meningitis, brain tumor),
intussusception, rumination, superior mesenteric artery syndrome, pregnancy
Dehydration - ANSWER Loss of water and extracellular fluid
Vomiting - ANSWER most common symptom in childhood
Nonbilious - ANSWER caused by infection, inflammation, and metabolic, neurologic or
psychological problems.
Bilious - ANSWER an obstructive lesion
Dehydration - ANSWER the result of an infectious process, primarily viral, that often
causes diarrhea
Complete Answers
third week of gestation - ANSWER The GI system begins when?
foregut, midgut, and hindgut - ANSWER The GI system divides into the __________?
Liver, pancreas, and gallbladder - ANSWER The GI system includes the organs of
digestions and accessory organs:
Ingestion of food, mechanical dissolution of food, chemical dissolution of food
absorption of nutrients, and expulsion of waste products - ANSWER The GI system
provides these functions:
Upper esophageal sphincter - ANSWER prevents air from being swallowed while
breathing
Lower esophageal sphincter - ANSWER prevents food from being regurgitated from the
stomach
Small intestine - ANSWER absorption of nutrients into the systemic circulation through
villi
Carbohydrates - ANSWER must be converted to monosaccharides before absorption
(starts In the mouth and finishes in small intestine)
Fats - ANSWER Occurs mainly in the jejunum through the addition of lipases secreted by
pancreas
Proteins - ANSWER Converted into amino acids by pancreatic enzymes
Epigastric - ANSWER Epigastric: usually indicates pain from liver, pancreas, biliary tree,
stomach, and upper part of small bowel
Periumbilical - ANSWER Pain generated from the distal end of small intestine, cecum,
appendix, and ascending colon
Colonic - ANSWER Pain can be dull, diffuse, cramping, or burning in lower abdomen
Suprapubic - ANSWER Pain distal intestine, urinary tract, and pelvic organ dysfunction
Obtrurator sign - ANSWER supine patient flexes the right thigh at the hip with the knee
bent and internally rotates the hip - sign is positive when it induces abdominal pain
Psoas sign - ANSWER lies on the left side and extends and then flexes the right leg at the
,hip - sign is positive when it induces abdominal pain
Breath hydrogen test - ANSWER if lactose intolerance is suspected, this test is indicated
Oral steroids - ANSWER treatment of inflammatory bowel disease
Pain meds - ANSWER acute and chronic GI conditions, treatment
Iron supplementation - ANSWER supportive therapy for chronic disease
Probiotics and Prebiotics - ANSWER Stimulating favorable growth and activity of
bacteria
Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders - ANSWER Dysphagia
Vomiting and Dehydration
Dehydration
Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Peptic Ulcer Disease
Dysphagia - ANSWER difficulty swallowing
Oral phase: Dysphagia - ANSWER ingestion, mastication, and the propulsion of food to
the back of the mouth
Pharyngeal phase: Dysphagia - ANSWER the swallowing and transfer of food from the
pharynx to the esophagus
Airway closure is critical
Child must have intact motor and sensory pharyngeal protective mechanisms to prevent
aspiration
Esophageal phase: Dysphagia - ANSWER allows food to pass into the stomach
Structural defects - Dysphagia - ANSWER more difficult to swallow solids than liquids
Esophageal narrowing (stricture, web, or tumor) or extrinsic obstruction (vascular ring)
Neuro or motor disorders - Dysphagia - ANSWER Cerebral palsy or muscular dystrophy
Mucosal injury - Dysphagia - ANSWER GERD or gastritis
Dysphagia - ANSWER History:
Progressive dysfunction, drooling or cough, discomfort with swallowing or sense of food
getting stuck, feed refusal
, Dysphagia - ANSWER Diagnostic Studies :
Lateral neck films, barium swallow, videofluoroscopy swallowing study, Manometry
(gold standard for motor disorders), MRI (structural abnormalities)
Dysphagia - ANSWER Management:
Cognitive, developmental, and behavioral issue analysis
Comprehensive multidisciplinary approach - otolaryngology, gastroenterology,
nutrition, OT, psychology, and speech-language pathology may be involved
Vomiting - ANSWER the forceful emptying of gastric contents coordinated by the
medullary vomiting center and/or the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the brain
Newborn: vomiting causes - ANSWER infectious process, congenital gastrointestinal
anomaly, CNS abnormality, or inborn errors of metabolism
Infants and Young children: vomiting causes - ANSWER gastroenteritis, GERD, milk/soy
protein allergies, pyloric stenosis or obstructive lesion, inborn errors of metabolism,
intussusception, child abuse, intracranial mass lesion
Older children and adolescents: vomiting causes - ANSWER Gastroenteritis, systemic
illness, CNS (cyclic vomiting syndrome, abdominal migraine, meningitis, brain tumor),
intussusception, rumination, superior mesenteric artery syndrome, pregnancy
Dehydration - ANSWER Loss of water and extracellular fluid
Vomiting - ANSWER most common symptom in childhood
Nonbilious - ANSWER caused by infection, inflammation, and metabolic, neurologic or
psychological problems.
Bilious - ANSWER an obstructive lesion
Dehydration - ANSWER the result of an infectious process, primarily viral, that often
causes diarrhea
