Notes on English Grammar For HSSC-I & HSSC-II
(According to the syllabus of FBISE, Islamabad)
These notes include parts of speech, kinds of sentences, kinds of phrases & clauses, gerund, participle, infinitive, direct & indirect object,etc.
Parts of Speech: The nouns that cannot be counted are
There are nine parts of speech in English Example: Melbourne (it refers to only one called non-countable nouns.
Grammar. They are listed below: particular city), Steve (refers to a particular
1. Noun person), Example: Water, sugar, oil, salt, etc. (you
2. Pronoun cannot say “1 water, 2 water, 3 water”
3. Verb Australia (there is no other country named because water is not countable)
4. Adjective Australia; this name is fixed for only one
5. Adverb country). Abstract nouns and proper nouns are
6. Preposition always non-countable nouns, but common
7. Article More Examples of Proper Noun nouns and concrete nouns can be both
8. Conjunction Common Noun: count and non-count nouns.
9. Interjection
Now, we shall discuss these parts of speech A common noun is a name for something Non-countable Noun examples in
one by one in detail. which is common for many things, person, sentences
1.Noun: Definition & types or places. It encompasses a particular type
Nouns refer to persons, animals, places, of things, person, or places. Collective Noun:
things, ideas, or events, etc. Nouns are
most of the words of a language. Example: Country (it can refer to any A collective noun is a word for a group of
country, nothing in particular), city (it can things, people, or animals, etc.
Noun can be a/an - refer to any city like Melbourne, Mumbai,
Toronto, etc. but nothing in particular). Example: family, team, jury, cattle, etc.
Person – a name for a person: - Max, Julie, Collective nouns can be both plural and
Catherine, Michel, Bob, etc. So, a common noun is a word that indicates singular. However, Americans prefer to use
Animal – a name for an animal: - dog, cat, a person, place, thing, etc. In general and a collective nouns as singular, but both of the
cow, kangaroo, etc. proper noun is a specific one of those. uses are correct in other parts of the world.
Place – a name for a place: - London, More Examples of Common Noun Compound Noun:Sometimes two or three
Australia, Canada, Mumbai, etc. nouns appear together, or even with other
Abstract Noun: parts of speech, and create idiomatic
Thing – a name for a thing: - bat, ball, chair, compound nouns. Idiomatic means that
door, house, computer, etc. An abstract noun is a word for something those nouns behave as a unit and, to a
that cannot be seen but is there. It has no lesser or greater degree, amount to more
Idea – A name for an idea: - devotion, physical existence. Generally, it refers to than the sum of their parts.
superstition, happiness, excitement, etc. ideas, qualities, and conditions.
Example: Truth, lies, happiness, sorrow, Example: six-pack, five-year-old, and son-in
Examples of Noun in sentence time, friendship, humor, patriotism, etc. -law, snowball, mailbox, etc.
Different Types of Noun: Abstract Noun examples in sentences Functions of Nouns
Proper Noun Concrete Noun: Nouns can be used as a subject, a direct
object, and an indirect object of a verb; as
Common Noun A concrete noun is the exact opposite of an object of a preposition; and as an adverb
abstract noun. It refers to the things we see or adjective in sentences. Nouns can also
Abstract Noun and have physical existence. show possession.
Concrete Noun Example: Chair, table, bat, ball, water, Subject: The company isdoing
money, sugar, etc. great. Roses are the flowers of love.
Countable Noun
Non-countable Noun Countable Noun: Direct object: I finally bought a new mobile.
Collective Noun The nouns that can be counted are called Indirect object: Max gave Carol another
countable nouns. Countable nouns can chocolate.
Compound Noun take an article: a, an, the .
Object of preposition: Roses are the
Proper Noun: Example: Chair, table, bat, ball, etc. (you flowers of love.
can say 1 chair, 2 chairs, 3 chairs – so chairs
A proper noun is a name which refers only are countable) Adverb: The train leaves today.
to a single person, place, or thing and there
is no common name for it. In written Countable Noun examples in sentences
English, a proper noun always begins with Non-countable Noun:
capital letters.
, Adjective: The office building faces the are mine, yours, hers, his, its, ours, and pronouns: all, another, any, anybody,
mall. theirs. For example: anyone, anything, each, everybody ,
Possession: The lion’s cage is dangerous. everyone, everything, few, many, nobody,
My brother’s daughter is adorable. "Is this book yours or his?" none, one, several, some, somebody, and
. someone. For example:
2.What Is a Pronoun? "All the books are mine."
"Everybody got lost on the way there."
Pronouns are used in place of nouns. The "Nobody's house has as many books as
purpose of pronouns is to avoid repetition theirs, not even ours." "Somebody forgot to bring the map."
and make sentences easier to understand.
Some of the most common pronouns to 2. Demonstrative pronouns "No wonder so few showed up."
remember when learning English as a
second language are he, she, it, they, and Demonstrative pronouns point to and 6. Reflexive pronouns
this. identify a noun or a pronoun. This and
The Seven Types of Pronouns these refer to things that are nearby in Reflexive pronouns refer back to the
space or time, while that and those refer to subject of the clause or sentence.
There are seven types of pronouns that things that are farther away in space or The reflexive pronouns used in writing
both English and English as a second further away in time. For example: English are myself, yourself, herself,
language writers must recognize: the himself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, and
personal pronoun, the demonstrative "This is the dress I will wear; that is the one I themselves. For example:
pronoun, the interrogative pronoun, the wore yesterday."
relative pronoun, the indefinite pronoun, "That is not true." "She baked a cake for herself."
the reflexive pronoun, and the intensive
pronoun. "Please pay for those." "We decided to eat it ourselves."
3. Interrogative pronouns
"We heard her say, 'They should be
1. Personal pronouns Interrogative pronouns are used to ask ashamed of themselves.'"
questions. The interrogative pronouns are 7. Intensive pronouns
Personal pronouns refer to a specific who, whom, which, and what. If you are
person or thing. Their form changes to learning English as a second language, it is Intensive pronouns are used to emphasize
indicate a person, number, gender, or case. important to remember that who and their antecedent. Intensive pronouns are
Subjective personal pronouns are pronouns whom are used to refer to people, while identical in form to reflexive pronouns. For
that act as the subject of a sentence. If you which is used to refer to things and example:
are learning English as a second language, animals. Who acts as the subject, while
remember that the subjective personal whom acts as the object. For example: "I myself find pronouns fascinating."
pronouns are I, you, she, he, it, you, and
they. For example: "Which is the best restaurant?" "They themselves think everyone should
"I walked directly to the party." know about pronouns."
"What did he tell you?"
"You showed up late; she was annoyed." "You yourself should tell everyone how
"Whom should we invite?" great pronouns are."
"He thought you had forgotten; we know .
you were just behind." 4. Relative pronouns 3.Verb: Definition & Types
Relative pronouns are used to link one A verb is a word or a combination of words
Objective personal pronouns are pronouns phrase or clause to another phrase or that indicates action or a state of being or
that act as the object of a sentence. If you clause. The relative pronouns are who, condition. A verb is the part of
are learning English as a second language, whom, that, and which. The compounds a sentence that tells us what the subject
remember that the objective personal whoever, whomever, and whichever are performs. Verbs are the hearts of English
pronouns are me, you, her, him, it, us, you, also commonly used relative pronouns. For sentences.
and them. For example: example:
Examples:
"The police officer told my brother and me "Whoever added the bill made a mistake."
to slow down." Jacob walks in the morning. (A usual action)
"The bill, which included all our meals, was Mike is going to school. (A condition of
"He pointed to the pedestrians and said to larger than expected." action)
be careful of them."
"The waiter who served us doesn't know Albert does not like to walk. (A negative
"The police officer said there are a lot of how to add." action)
speedy motorists like us."
5. Indefinite pronouns Anna is a good girl. (A state of being)
Possessive personal pronouns are
pronouns that show possession. They Indefinite pronouns refer to an identifiable, Verbs are related to a lot of other factors
define a person but not specified, person or thing. An like the subject, person, number, tense,
(or a number of people) who owns a indefinite pronoun conveys the idea of all, mood, voice, etc.
particular object. If you are learning English any, none, or some. If you are learning
as a second language, remember that the English as a second language, remember Basic Forms of Verbs
possessive personal pronouns the following common indefinite
(According to the syllabus of FBISE, Islamabad)
These notes include parts of speech, kinds of sentences, kinds of phrases & clauses, gerund, participle, infinitive, direct & indirect object,etc.
Parts of Speech: The nouns that cannot be counted are
There are nine parts of speech in English Example: Melbourne (it refers to only one called non-countable nouns.
Grammar. They are listed below: particular city), Steve (refers to a particular
1. Noun person), Example: Water, sugar, oil, salt, etc. (you
2. Pronoun cannot say “1 water, 2 water, 3 water”
3. Verb Australia (there is no other country named because water is not countable)
4. Adjective Australia; this name is fixed for only one
5. Adverb country). Abstract nouns and proper nouns are
6. Preposition always non-countable nouns, but common
7. Article More Examples of Proper Noun nouns and concrete nouns can be both
8. Conjunction Common Noun: count and non-count nouns.
9. Interjection
Now, we shall discuss these parts of speech A common noun is a name for something Non-countable Noun examples in
one by one in detail. which is common for many things, person, sentences
1.Noun: Definition & types or places. It encompasses a particular type
Nouns refer to persons, animals, places, of things, person, or places. Collective Noun:
things, ideas, or events, etc. Nouns are
most of the words of a language. Example: Country (it can refer to any A collective noun is a word for a group of
country, nothing in particular), city (it can things, people, or animals, etc.
Noun can be a/an - refer to any city like Melbourne, Mumbai,
Toronto, etc. but nothing in particular). Example: family, team, jury, cattle, etc.
Person – a name for a person: - Max, Julie, Collective nouns can be both plural and
Catherine, Michel, Bob, etc. So, a common noun is a word that indicates singular. However, Americans prefer to use
Animal – a name for an animal: - dog, cat, a person, place, thing, etc. In general and a collective nouns as singular, but both of the
cow, kangaroo, etc. proper noun is a specific one of those. uses are correct in other parts of the world.
Place – a name for a place: - London, More Examples of Common Noun Compound Noun:Sometimes two or three
Australia, Canada, Mumbai, etc. nouns appear together, or even with other
Abstract Noun: parts of speech, and create idiomatic
Thing – a name for a thing: - bat, ball, chair, compound nouns. Idiomatic means that
door, house, computer, etc. An abstract noun is a word for something those nouns behave as a unit and, to a
that cannot be seen but is there. It has no lesser or greater degree, amount to more
Idea – A name for an idea: - devotion, physical existence. Generally, it refers to than the sum of their parts.
superstition, happiness, excitement, etc. ideas, qualities, and conditions.
Example: Truth, lies, happiness, sorrow, Example: six-pack, five-year-old, and son-in
Examples of Noun in sentence time, friendship, humor, patriotism, etc. -law, snowball, mailbox, etc.
Different Types of Noun: Abstract Noun examples in sentences Functions of Nouns
Proper Noun Concrete Noun: Nouns can be used as a subject, a direct
object, and an indirect object of a verb; as
Common Noun A concrete noun is the exact opposite of an object of a preposition; and as an adverb
abstract noun. It refers to the things we see or adjective in sentences. Nouns can also
Abstract Noun and have physical existence. show possession.
Concrete Noun Example: Chair, table, bat, ball, water, Subject: The company isdoing
money, sugar, etc. great. Roses are the flowers of love.
Countable Noun
Non-countable Noun Countable Noun: Direct object: I finally bought a new mobile.
Collective Noun The nouns that can be counted are called Indirect object: Max gave Carol another
countable nouns. Countable nouns can chocolate.
Compound Noun take an article: a, an, the .
Object of preposition: Roses are the
Proper Noun: Example: Chair, table, bat, ball, etc. (you flowers of love.
can say 1 chair, 2 chairs, 3 chairs – so chairs
A proper noun is a name which refers only are countable) Adverb: The train leaves today.
to a single person, place, or thing and there
is no common name for it. In written Countable Noun examples in sentences
English, a proper noun always begins with Non-countable Noun:
capital letters.
, Adjective: The office building faces the are mine, yours, hers, his, its, ours, and pronouns: all, another, any, anybody,
mall. theirs. For example: anyone, anything, each, everybody ,
Possession: The lion’s cage is dangerous. everyone, everything, few, many, nobody,
My brother’s daughter is adorable. "Is this book yours or his?" none, one, several, some, somebody, and
. someone. For example:
2.What Is a Pronoun? "All the books are mine."
"Everybody got lost on the way there."
Pronouns are used in place of nouns. The "Nobody's house has as many books as
purpose of pronouns is to avoid repetition theirs, not even ours." "Somebody forgot to bring the map."
and make sentences easier to understand.
Some of the most common pronouns to 2. Demonstrative pronouns "No wonder so few showed up."
remember when learning English as a
second language are he, she, it, they, and Demonstrative pronouns point to and 6. Reflexive pronouns
this. identify a noun or a pronoun. This and
The Seven Types of Pronouns these refer to things that are nearby in Reflexive pronouns refer back to the
space or time, while that and those refer to subject of the clause or sentence.
There are seven types of pronouns that things that are farther away in space or The reflexive pronouns used in writing
both English and English as a second further away in time. For example: English are myself, yourself, herself,
language writers must recognize: the himself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, and
personal pronoun, the demonstrative "This is the dress I will wear; that is the one I themselves. For example:
pronoun, the interrogative pronoun, the wore yesterday."
relative pronoun, the indefinite pronoun, "That is not true." "She baked a cake for herself."
the reflexive pronoun, and the intensive
pronoun. "Please pay for those." "We decided to eat it ourselves."
3. Interrogative pronouns
"We heard her say, 'They should be
1. Personal pronouns Interrogative pronouns are used to ask ashamed of themselves.'"
questions. The interrogative pronouns are 7. Intensive pronouns
Personal pronouns refer to a specific who, whom, which, and what. If you are
person or thing. Their form changes to learning English as a second language, it is Intensive pronouns are used to emphasize
indicate a person, number, gender, or case. important to remember that who and their antecedent. Intensive pronouns are
Subjective personal pronouns are pronouns whom are used to refer to people, while identical in form to reflexive pronouns. For
that act as the subject of a sentence. If you which is used to refer to things and example:
are learning English as a second language, animals. Who acts as the subject, while
remember that the subjective personal whom acts as the object. For example: "I myself find pronouns fascinating."
pronouns are I, you, she, he, it, you, and
they. For example: "Which is the best restaurant?" "They themselves think everyone should
"I walked directly to the party." know about pronouns."
"What did he tell you?"
"You showed up late; she was annoyed." "You yourself should tell everyone how
"Whom should we invite?" great pronouns are."
"He thought you had forgotten; we know .
you were just behind." 4. Relative pronouns 3.Verb: Definition & Types
Relative pronouns are used to link one A verb is a word or a combination of words
Objective personal pronouns are pronouns phrase or clause to another phrase or that indicates action or a state of being or
that act as the object of a sentence. If you clause. The relative pronouns are who, condition. A verb is the part of
are learning English as a second language, whom, that, and which. The compounds a sentence that tells us what the subject
remember that the objective personal whoever, whomever, and whichever are performs. Verbs are the hearts of English
pronouns are me, you, her, him, it, us, you, also commonly used relative pronouns. For sentences.
and them. For example: example:
Examples:
"The police officer told my brother and me "Whoever added the bill made a mistake."
to slow down." Jacob walks in the morning. (A usual action)
"The bill, which included all our meals, was Mike is going to school. (A condition of
"He pointed to the pedestrians and said to larger than expected." action)
be careful of them."
"The waiter who served us doesn't know Albert does not like to walk. (A negative
"The police officer said there are a lot of how to add." action)
speedy motorists like us."
5. Indefinite pronouns Anna is a good girl. (A state of being)
Possessive personal pronouns are
pronouns that show possession. They Indefinite pronouns refer to an identifiable, Verbs are related to a lot of other factors
define a person but not specified, person or thing. An like the subject, person, number, tense,
(or a number of people) who owns a indefinite pronoun conveys the idea of all, mood, voice, etc.
particular object. If you are learning English any, none, or some. If you are learning
as a second language, remember that the English as a second language, remember Basic Forms of Verbs
possessive personal pronouns the following common indefinite
