NU606/ NU 606 EXAM 2 () ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY GUIDE 90+ QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS || GUARANTEED PASS || NEWEST VERSION

Which of the following is known to affect pupillary reflex? A. Opiate usage B. Damage to CN II C. Infection of the uveal tract D. Increase in intraocular pressure - ANSWER A. Opiate usage Infectious conjunctivitis - ANSWER Hyperacute -abrupt onset, yellow-green drainage -severe sight-threatening ocular infection -more likely caused by gonorrhea, less likely meningitidis -adults/adolescents: autoinnoculation from infected genitalia What can cause Hyperacute conjunctivitis? - ANSWER Self inoculation, from infected genitalia Most commonly caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, less commonly caused by Neisseria meningitidis. Is Hyperacute conjunctivitis a severe sight-threatening ocular infection? - ANSWER yes What are the Common agents that cause Acute bacterial conjunctivitis In children? - ANSWER Moraxella catarrhalis is also common Which of the following conditions is the clinical name for "farsightedness"? A. Hyperopia B. Myopia C. Presbyopia D. Strabismus E. Ptosis - ANSWER A. Hyperopia What viruses can cause Viral conjunctivitis? - ANSWER Adenoviruses, herpesviruses, enteroviruses, What are the Common agents that cause Acute bacterial conjunctivitis In adults? - ANSWER Streptocococus pneumoniae, S. aureus, Haemophilus influenzae in adults What can cause corneal trauma? - ANSWER Prolonged wearing contact lenses, sudden rise in pressure Define hypercapnia - ANSWER excessive carbon dioxide in the bloodstream, typically caused by inadequate respiration. How does Opiate usage affect the pupillary reflex? - ANSWER Opiate usage will result in dilated pupils that are unresponsive to light Define Glaucoma - ANSWER An optic neuropathy characterized by optic disk cupping and visual field loss. Hyperopia or farsightedness - ANSWER a condition in which the optic axis is too short and accommodation cannot make the lens thick enough to focus light from a nearby object on the retina, so the light comes to a focus behind the retina, and the image on the retina is blurry; the person can see distant objects clearly but not nearby objects myopia or nearsightedness - ANSWER a condition in which the optic axis is too long and accommodation cannot make the lens thin enough to focus light from a distant object on the retina, so the light comes to a focus in front of the retina, and the image on the retina is blurry; the person can see nearby objects clearly but not distant objects Know spontaneous vs traumatic pneumothorax - ANSWER spontaneous pneumothorax - ANSWER occurs when an air-filled blister on the lung surface ruptures traumatic pneumothorax - ANSWER caused by penetrating or non-penetrating injuries What are some of the causes of cataract? - ANSWER Aging, genetic influences, environmental and metabolic influences, drugs, injury, diabetes, long term exposure to sunlight, heavy smoking, trauma/disease, developmental defect What is hypoxemia? - ANSWER It refers to a reduction in the PO2 of the arterial blood; specifically PO2 less than 60 mm Hg. What causes hypoxemia? - ANSWER Hypoxemia can be caused by an inadequate amount of O2 in the air, diseases of the respiratory system, dysfunction of neurologic systems or alterations in circulatory function. What is cyanosis? - ANSWER Cyanosis refer to a bluish discoloration of skin and mucous membranes from excess deoxygenated hemoglobin in small blood vessels. Which of the following best describes Glaucoma? a. it is a lens opacity that interferes with the transmission of light to the retina b. An optic neuropathy characterized by optic disk cupping and visual field loss. c. it refers to the inflammation of the cornea d. it is the inflammation of the conjunctiva - ANSWER b. An optic neuropathy characterized by optic disk cupping and visual field loss. True or False: Both hypercapnia and hypoxemia will lead to respiratory failure if untreated - ANSWER True. In both hypercapnia (PCO2 50 mm Hg) tissues accumulate carbon dioxide; in hypoxemia (PO2 60 mm Hg) less oxygen is delivered to the tissues. In both cases, gas exchange is impaired, and respiratory will failure will result unless the conditions are corrected (with oxygen, mechanical ventilation, etc.). Define COPD - ANSWER COPDs are characterized by progressive airflow limitations that are not fully reversible. COPDs are linked to cigarette smoking. There is a gradual onset with slowly progressive symptoms of dyspnea (labored breathing), and shortness of breath. What causes hypercapnia? - ANSWER Hypercapnia can occur in a number of disorders that cause hypoventilation or mismatching of ventilation and perfusion Define atelectasis - ANSWER Refers to a partial collapsed lung or inadequate inflation of a portion of the lung or alveoli complex What are the two types of atelectasis & what are they? - ANSWER primary is present at birth and secondary develops during neonatal period or later What are the some of the risk factors? - ANSWER prolonged immobility, underlying lung disease, fractured ribs, etc. Define Pleural Effusion. What causes it? What are some risk factors? - ANSWER Collection of excess fluid in the pleural space -develops when there is an increased production or decreased drainage of pleural fluid Risk factors: thoracic/abdominal surgery, inflammation in lungs, blockage of lymphatic drainage Define pneumothorax. What can cause it? - ANSWER Air enters the pleural cavity, restricting lung expansion Spontaneous: air-filled blister on the lung ruptures Traumatic: air enters through chest injuries -Tension: air enters pleural cavity through wound on inhalation, cannot leave on exhalation -Open: air enters pleural cavity through the wound on inhalation and leaves on exhalation True or False: open pneumothorax is more life-threatening than tension pneumothorax - ANSWER False. In open pneumothorax, inhaled air compresses the affected side's lung, but during exhalation, the lung reinflates somewhat.In tension pneumothorax, a sort of one-way valve exists— the air enters the affected side during inhalation, but is unable to leave when the patient exhales. Therefore, all of this air exerts increased pressure on the organs of the thoracic cage. Unless the pressure is relieved, tension pneumothorax is fatal. KNOW PINK PUFFERS - ANSWER Breathing fast, using accessory muscles, pursed lip breathing Labored breathing Increased respiration to maintain oxygen levels USUALLY EMPHYSEMA Define asthma What are the 2 major types? - ANSWER Chronic inflammatory disorder of airways, reversible airway obstruction -Allergic asthma: allergen causes type 1 hypersensitivity response In what range will a COPD client's blood pH fall? - ANSWER In COPD, the blood is more acidic as the pH levels are low. What is the primary cause of emphysema? - ANSWER cigarette smoking How does the alveoli get destroyed? - ANSWER Inhaled irritants increase the number of neutrophils. Neutrophils in the alveoli secrete trypsin. Trypsin damages the aveoli.