NURS 3366 PATHO EXAM 2 ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+
GUARANTEED SUCCESS
What stressors(syndromes) breach 1 LOD defense?
dry eye syndrome, sjogrens syndrome (dries up all lubricating fluids)
1 LOD for respiratory system
mucus in nose and ears
- cilia in bronchi
- cough reflex
What is serosanguinous exudate?
little microbe involvment, BLOOD, so reddish color
What is purulent?
- infection
- pus
- whittish, yellowish
- microbe and WBC involvment because of dead microbes and WBC
chemotactic factors
attract phagocytes to area of inflammation
- attracts CD4 cells and T cells
This occurs after 2nd LOD.
If 2nd LOD is fighting viruses or bacteria, 3rd LOD of defense is called
- 2nd LOD secrets Chemotactic substances to call T cells
- Macrophages displays antigen remnant
,- 3rd LOD creates memory and immunity
Final step of 2nd LOD is repairing damaged tissue. Give some examples
& these heals create what kind of tissue?
- clotting factors, platelets, fibrin
- these factors heals the tissue
- this is kind of tissue is called GRANULATING TISSUE
Degranulation vs Granulating vs Granuloma?
- degran means mast cells break and spill granules
- gran means pink, healthy, healing tissue
- granuloma means tissue chronic inflammed tissue turned into SCAR Tissue
1 LOD respiratory system stressors
cilia gone because of smoking
- cough reflex gone bc of head injury
1 LOD for GI
- saliva
- stomach pH
- gag reflex
- good microbes and defecation
1 LOD for GI stressors that can breach defenses?
- Sjogrens syndrome dries up mouth
- antibiotics in stomach changes bowel microbiome
1 LOD for urinary
- urinate bacteria
- vagina slightly acidic
,-
1 LOD Urinary stressors
- decreased urine flow like kidney stones, kidney failure
- vaginal pH changes
1st LOD is breached, 2 LOD is activated detail the first step?
1. Tissue irritation, then
2. Mast Cell degranulates
3. releases histamine, leukotrienes and proinflammatory prostaglandins
1 LOD is breached, it is up to 2nd LOD.
2nd STEP
What is the result of leukotriene, histamine and proflammatory prostraglandins?
1. H.L.P release causes
2.Vasodilation and Increased Vascular Permeability causes
3. SHEP is Swelling, Heat, Erythema and Pain
1 LOD is breached, 2nd LOD
3rd STEP
What is the result of 2nd step of vasodilation & increased vascular permeability?
1. Increased blood flow to site
2. Neutrophils migrate to tissue
3. Monocytes INSIDE tissue become Macrophage
1st LOD is breached, 2nd LOD
4th step
What happens after Neutrophils and Macrophages in tissues?
- Neutrophils phagocytize non-self dangerous ANTIGENS like cancer or microbes
- Macrophages phagocytize and PRESENT antigens to CD4 cells leading to 3rd
LOD if needed
, 1st LOD is breached, 2nd LOD
5th step
What happens AFTER phagocytization?
1. This triggers ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS (2nd inflammatory reactors)
2. CRP, Complement Systemic Prostaglandins, Kinins ENHANCE
3. Clotting factors occur
What are some examples of functions of COMPLEMENT proteins?
- Opsonization (Coating bacteria)
- MAC complex pierce a hole in bacteria and blow them up with Osmosis
What are some examples of functions of Kinins?
- stimulate arachadonic acid metabolism, catalyzing proinflammatory PG release
- enhances SHEP
What are some functions and IMPORTANCES of CRP?
- opsonization
- complement cascade trigger
- HYPERINFLAMMATION diagnose (rheumatoid arthritis)
1st LOD is breached, 2nd LOD
6th step and FINAL
What happens as a result of Acute Phase reactants?
1. APR causes 'Fuel on Fire'
2. attracts neutrohpils, CD4, clotting factors
3. opsonization, lysis
4. more pain, vasodilatin, permeability of vessels
Inflammation only bad when...
Examples?
CORRECT ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+
GUARANTEED SUCCESS
What stressors(syndromes) breach 1 LOD defense?
dry eye syndrome, sjogrens syndrome (dries up all lubricating fluids)
1 LOD for respiratory system
mucus in nose and ears
- cilia in bronchi
- cough reflex
What is serosanguinous exudate?
little microbe involvment, BLOOD, so reddish color
What is purulent?
- infection
- pus
- whittish, yellowish
- microbe and WBC involvment because of dead microbes and WBC
chemotactic factors
attract phagocytes to area of inflammation
- attracts CD4 cells and T cells
This occurs after 2nd LOD.
If 2nd LOD is fighting viruses or bacteria, 3rd LOD of defense is called
- 2nd LOD secrets Chemotactic substances to call T cells
- Macrophages displays antigen remnant
,- 3rd LOD creates memory and immunity
Final step of 2nd LOD is repairing damaged tissue. Give some examples
& these heals create what kind of tissue?
- clotting factors, platelets, fibrin
- these factors heals the tissue
- this is kind of tissue is called GRANULATING TISSUE
Degranulation vs Granulating vs Granuloma?
- degran means mast cells break and spill granules
- gran means pink, healthy, healing tissue
- granuloma means tissue chronic inflammed tissue turned into SCAR Tissue
1 LOD respiratory system stressors
cilia gone because of smoking
- cough reflex gone bc of head injury
1 LOD for GI
- saliva
- stomach pH
- gag reflex
- good microbes and defecation
1 LOD for GI stressors that can breach defenses?
- Sjogrens syndrome dries up mouth
- antibiotics in stomach changes bowel microbiome
1 LOD for urinary
- urinate bacteria
- vagina slightly acidic
,-
1 LOD Urinary stressors
- decreased urine flow like kidney stones, kidney failure
- vaginal pH changes
1st LOD is breached, 2 LOD is activated detail the first step?
1. Tissue irritation, then
2. Mast Cell degranulates
3. releases histamine, leukotrienes and proinflammatory prostaglandins
1 LOD is breached, it is up to 2nd LOD.
2nd STEP
What is the result of leukotriene, histamine and proflammatory prostraglandins?
1. H.L.P release causes
2.Vasodilation and Increased Vascular Permeability causes
3. SHEP is Swelling, Heat, Erythema and Pain
1 LOD is breached, 2nd LOD
3rd STEP
What is the result of 2nd step of vasodilation & increased vascular permeability?
1. Increased blood flow to site
2. Neutrophils migrate to tissue
3. Monocytes INSIDE tissue become Macrophage
1st LOD is breached, 2nd LOD
4th step
What happens after Neutrophils and Macrophages in tissues?
- Neutrophils phagocytize non-self dangerous ANTIGENS like cancer or microbes
- Macrophages phagocytize and PRESENT antigens to CD4 cells leading to 3rd
LOD if needed
, 1st LOD is breached, 2nd LOD
5th step
What happens AFTER phagocytization?
1. This triggers ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS (2nd inflammatory reactors)
2. CRP, Complement Systemic Prostaglandins, Kinins ENHANCE
3. Clotting factors occur
What are some examples of functions of COMPLEMENT proteins?
- Opsonization (Coating bacteria)
- MAC complex pierce a hole in bacteria and blow them up with Osmosis
What are some examples of functions of Kinins?
- stimulate arachadonic acid metabolism, catalyzing proinflammatory PG release
- enhances SHEP
What are some functions and IMPORTANCES of CRP?
- opsonization
- complement cascade trigger
- HYPERINFLAMMATION diagnose (rheumatoid arthritis)
1st LOD is breached, 2nd LOD
6th step and FINAL
What happens as a result of Acute Phase reactants?
1. APR causes 'Fuel on Fire'
2. attracts neutrohpils, CD4, clotting factors
3. opsonization, lysis
4. more pain, vasodilatin, permeability of vessels
Inflammation only bad when...
Examples?
