B2 3
.
Cell specialisation
Propertie
-
Stem cells :
· s
- unspecialised calls :
1) Self renewal -
they can
continually divide and replicate
2) Potency- they have the
capacity to differentiate into specific cell
types
Differentiation whereby newly formed
during development
is the cell is
process
become specialised distinct from
more and one another as
they mature
-
y
Specific gene
part of Stem cell
1) Fertilization ,
-
unspecialised zygote will divide and
develop into a mass of
Specialized cells via differentiation
2) This is driven by release of gene regulating chemicals called
process
morphogens
3) Cells closer to the
morphogensource recieve higher concentrations of
morphogen ,
resulting in the activation of m o re
genes
Further I of fewer
away , expression genes
Stem cell locations that have environment
stem
provide
: cells an
niche and
that allow stem cells
regenerate
+ differentiation
Bone marrow
-
Haemopoietic stem cells located in the bone marrow
and
givewise to different of blood
the cells
types
Bone
-
marrow
transplants to
replace the haempoited stem cell niche
Hair Follicles
-Hair Follicles contain a of stem cells . These stem
range epidermal cells
are involved in hair skin innervation vascularisation repair .
growth ,
,
and wound
These stem cells could be harvested and used to
potentially regenerate
skin tissues in burns victims
, Different types
of stem cells
into of cell
Totipotent can differentiate any type
-
-
Pluripotent differentiate into typesof
-
-
can cell
many
Multipotent differentiate few
types of
-
-
only into a cell
-
Unipotent -
can
regenerate but can only differentiate into their associate
cell type
Sizes of cells middle
in
dent
~
Red through capillaries 7 8 pm
-
to
blood cells need
-
squeeze narrow
-long axon
-
Neurons need to transmit signals throughout the body 10
pr
Stricted
length
of fused Width 20-100pm
-
muscle fibres -
consist muscle cells =
A human is one of the
largest cells with diameter of
120pm
-
ovum
huged round N
Surface area
-
Surface
~ area- SA : V
volume
& St V efficient
more at
moving thing
: =
into+our of cel
&
Y & SA : V = better heat distribution
nasexte
,B2 2 .
Organelles and compartmentalization
~
Organelles are discrete structures in cells that are
adapted to
perform specific function
Not organelle :
Cell wall-not
-
the
in cell so not a
organelle
-
Cytoplasm -
it is not specialized to
perform a
specific function = not
organelle
- Cytoskeleton
-
not a discrete structure= not a
org
of many
composed
of filaments
types
and tubules
Prokaryote =
only no membrane
-
To find the components of organelle
the cell
-
High speed Eurkaryote =
single + double
The of ↓ no membrane
density organelles
-
organelles
Compartment -
a
separate section of a structure in which certain items can be
kept separate
from others.
Advantages of
compartmentalization
Enzymes and metabolites concentrated between
-
in the chance for
can be a small
space ,
increasing collisions
active site and substrate
Substances that other cells isolated from
-
other
can
damage are in membrane
, protecting structures
degradation
Conditions pH be maintained for
optimal
-
, , can at an value particular reaction
Large of become dense for
membrane specific
-
areas can with proteins a
process
-
B1 1.
Carbohydrates and Lipids
Alpha Beta
Covalent
bond-sharing
-
smallest
unit CHzOH C+
(201
unit ↑ ↑ electro
one of carbohydrate
a
/
-
c
Monosaccharide #1 0
-
H It
&
6 Carbons ra
-
carbon form 4 stable
~ P
-Glucose CH 20 covalent bonds
hexagonal
=
ring
=
i
it of it I
our
= Stable +
complex
Monosaccharide #2
6 carbon
~
-
Galactose =
CoHizOg = hexose (less sweet) Condensation : remove water + form a bond betw
sugar two molecules
Require
-
energy
, Monosaccharide #3
~
5 carbons
-
Pentagonal rings
Fructose
pentose
-
sugar natural
=
= sweetest carbohydrate
Monosacchride #4
5 carbons
~
Ribose =
pentose sugar pentagonal rings
backbone of RNA
Deoxydrise backbone of
-
= RNA
condensation
↓
Glucose + Glucose = maltose + water
↑
glycosic
bond
Monosaccharides are monomers of polysaccharides
(sugar) (carbohydrates
~
molecules -condensation
small to anabolism-makes from
big macromolecules monomers
=
/monosachride) or
(polysaccaride)
hydrolysis
monomers
~
molecules
-
Big to small catabolism -
makes smaller molecules from macromolecules
(polysaccharide) (monosacchride)
2
monomers
-
Disaccharide #1
get
glucose-glucose
↑
Maltose ( , 2H2O l
-
=
-
the
lose 2Hand water I '
for anabolism reaction (condensation)
Disaccharide #3
glucose + galactose
Glycosidic bonds 1-4 1-6 bond (carbon link)
- = and
only
-
Lactose : C , 2 H220 ,
14
Disaccharide # 4
16
glucose + fructose
-
-
Sucrose =
C2H220i
·
Water
condensation
-
Monosacchride + Monoscride :
Polysaccharide + water
(H20)
.
Cell specialisation
Propertie
-
Stem cells :
· s
- unspecialised calls :
1) Self renewal -
they can
continually divide and replicate
2) Potency- they have the
capacity to differentiate into specific cell
types
Differentiation whereby newly formed
during development
is the cell is
process
become specialised distinct from
more and one another as
they mature
-
y
Specific gene
part of Stem cell
1) Fertilization ,
-
unspecialised zygote will divide and
develop into a mass of
Specialized cells via differentiation
2) This is driven by release of gene regulating chemicals called
process
morphogens
3) Cells closer to the
morphogensource recieve higher concentrations of
morphogen ,
resulting in the activation of m o re
genes
Further I of fewer
away , expression genes
Stem cell locations that have environment
stem
provide
: cells an
niche and
that allow stem cells
regenerate
+ differentiation
Bone marrow
-
Haemopoietic stem cells located in the bone marrow
and
givewise to different of blood
the cells
types
Bone
-
marrow
transplants to
replace the haempoited stem cell niche
Hair Follicles
-Hair Follicles contain a of stem cells . These stem
range epidermal cells
are involved in hair skin innervation vascularisation repair .
growth ,
,
and wound
These stem cells could be harvested and used to
potentially regenerate
skin tissues in burns victims
, Different types
of stem cells
into of cell
Totipotent can differentiate any type
-
-
Pluripotent differentiate into typesof
-
-
can cell
many
Multipotent differentiate few
types of
-
-
only into a cell
-
Unipotent -
can
regenerate but can only differentiate into their associate
cell type
Sizes of cells middle
in
dent
~
Red through capillaries 7 8 pm
-
to
blood cells need
-
squeeze narrow
-long axon
-
Neurons need to transmit signals throughout the body 10
pr
Stricted
length
of fused Width 20-100pm
-
muscle fibres -
consist muscle cells =
A human is one of the
largest cells with diameter of
120pm
-
ovum
huged round N
Surface area
-
Surface
~ area- SA : V
volume
& St V efficient
more at
moving thing
: =
into+our of cel
&
Y & SA : V = better heat distribution
nasexte
,B2 2 .
Organelles and compartmentalization
~
Organelles are discrete structures in cells that are
adapted to
perform specific function
Not organelle :
Cell wall-not
-
the
in cell so not a
organelle
-
Cytoplasm -
it is not specialized to
perform a
specific function = not
organelle
- Cytoskeleton
-
not a discrete structure= not a
org
of many
composed
of filaments
types
and tubules
Prokaryote =
only no membrane
-
To find the components of organelle
the cell
-
High speed Eurkaryote =
single + double
The of ↓ no membrane
density organelles
-
organelles
Compartment -
a
separate section of a structure in which certain items can be
kept separate
from others.
Advantages of
compartmentalization
Enzymes and metabolites concentrated between
-
in the chance for
can be a small
space ,
increasing collisions
active site and substrate
Substances that other cells isolated from
-
other
can
damage are in membrane
, protecting structures
degradation
Conditions pH be maintained for
optimal
-
, , can at an value particular reaction
Large of become dense for
membrane specific
-
areas can with proteins a
process
-
B1 1.
Carbohydrates and Lipids
Alpha Beta
Covalent
bond-sharing
-
smallest
unit CHzOH C+
(201
unit ↑ ↑ electro
one of carbohydrate
a
/
-
c
Monosaccharide #1 0
-
H It
&
6 Carbons ra
-
carbon form 4 stable
~ P
-Glucose CH 20 covalent bonds
hexagonal
=
ring
=
i
it of it I
our
= Stable +
complex
Monosaccharide #2
6 carbon
~
-
Galactose =
CoHizOg = hexose (less sweet) Condensation : remove water + form a bond betw
sugar two molecules
Require
-
energy
, Monosaccharide #3
~
5 carbons
-
Pentagonal rings
Fructose
pentose
-
sugar natural
=
= sweetest carbohydrate
Monosacchride #4
5 carbons
~
Ribose =
pentose sugar pentagonal rings
backbone of RNA
Deoxydrise backbone of
-
= RNA
condensation
↓
Glucose + Glucose = maltose + water
↑
glycosic
bond
Monosaccharides are monomers of polysaccharides
(sugar) (carbohydrates
~
molecules -condensation
small to anabolism-makes from
big macromolecules monomers
=
/monosachride) or
(polysaccaride)
hydrolysis
monomers
~
molecules
-
Big to small catabolism -
makes smaller molecules from macromolecules
(polysaccharide) (monosacchride)
2
monomers
-
Disaccharide #1
get
glucose-glucose
↑
Maltose ( , 2H2O l
-
=
-
the
lose 2Hand water I '
for anabolism reaction (condensation)
Disaccharide #3
glucose + galactose
Glycosidic bonds 1-4 1-6 bond (carbon link)
- = and
only
-
Lactose : C , 2 H220 ,
14
Disaccharide # 4
16
glucose + fructose
-
-
Sucrose =
C2H220i
·
Water
condensation
-
Monosacchride + Monoscride :
Polysaccharide + water
(H20)
