Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 2 2025–2026
Accurate Real Exam Questions and Verified
Correct Answers JUST RELEASED
Differentiate between tumor invasion and metastasis - answer>>>-invasion is the ability of
the tumor to extend into surrounding tissue
-benign tumors are encapsulated and grow by expanding and pushing the surrounding
tissue aside
-malignant tumors are unencapsulated and reach into the surrounding tissue
-metastasis is the ability of the tumor to move to a different location and set up shop
-benign tumors never metastasize
Define t n and m of staging - answer>>>t - tumor spread
N - node involvement
M - presence of distant metastasis
Tumor grade - answer>>>description of a tumor based on how abnormal the cells and the
tumor tissue look under microscope
Well differentiated - grow and spread at lower rate
Undifferentiated - abnormal cells lack normal tissue structure - grow and spread quickly
Grade 1, 2, 3, and 4 - answer>>>1 - well differentiated, low grade
2 - moderately differentiated intermediate grade
3 - poorly differentiated, high grade
4 - undifferentiated, high grade
Three leading causes of cancer deaths in men - answer>>>lung and bronchus
Prostate
Colon and rectum
Three leading causes of cancer deaths in women - answer>>>lung and bronchus
Breast
Colon and rectum
What normally healthy chemicals of the body accelerate cancer cell growth in breast
cancer? - answer>>>estrogen
Progesterone
,Her2 (a growth hormone)
Role of her2 in breast cancer - answer>>>-healthy her2 receptors are the proteins that
help manage how breast cells grow, divide, and repair itself
-in cancer, commonly not functioning properly
-makes excess number of copies - her2 gene amplification
-extra genes instruct production of her2 receptors - her2 protein overexpression
-breast cells grow and divide in uncontrolled fashion
-considered a tumor marker
-cancerous cells with this protein tend to grow faster than other forms of breast cancer
How does estrogen and progesterone influence breast cancer - answer>>>a cancer is er+
or pr+ if it has receptors for estrogen/progesterone
This means the cancer cells receive signals from estrogen which helps promote their
growth
Normal psa - answer>>><4
Men with level between 4 and 10 have a 1 in 4 chance of having prostate cancer
Role of androgens in prostate cancer - answer>>>-androgens promote the growth of both
normal and cancerous prostate cells by binding to and activating the androgen receptor
-androgen receptor stimulates the expression of specific genes that cause prostate cells to
grow
-prostate cancers are referred to as androgen dependent or sensitive because treatments
that decrease androgen levels or block activity can inhibit their growth
Why is chemo not effective in non-small cell lung cancer? - answer>>>-slower growing
cancer
-chemo targets fast dividing cells
-the cancer cells are not dividing fast enough to be targeted
Colorectal polyps - answer>>>benign tissue growths on the mucous membrane lining the
large intestine and rectum; adenomatous types are precancerous and likely to develop
into malignancy
Finding and removing polyps reduces risk of colorectal cancer
Hnpcc - answer>>>hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer
Genetic colorectal cancer
Most people with an altered hnpcc gene develop colon cancer
, Fap - answer>>>familial adenomatous polyposis
Rare inherited condition in which hundreds of polyps form in the colon and rectum
Caused by a change in a specific gene called the apc gene
Leads to colorectal cancer
Initiation - answer>>>induction of a mutation in a critical gene involved in the control of
cell proliferation
Irreversible
Must be a heritable dna alteration
Chemical carcinogens initiate cells via: - answer>>>1 - mutational activation of oncogenic
pathways
2 - mutational inactivation of apoptotic pathways
3 - mutational inactivation of dna repair mechanisms
4 - mutational inactivation of antioxidant response
Promotion - answer>>>selective growth enhancement of the initiated cell. (stimulation of
growth of initiated cells by mitogenic growth factors, hormones, or compensatory
hyperplasia.) Can be interrupted or reversed.
Progression - answer>>>stable alteration of genes in an initiated cell. Mutations or
epigenetic events may confer the malignant phenotypes of invasiveness & metastasis
Irreversible
How long does hbv survive outside the body? - answer>>>7 days and is still capable of
causing disease
Hemoglobin a - answer>>>major hemoglobin in adults
2 alpha/2 beta
Hemoglobin a2 - answer>>>minor adult
2 alpha/2 delta
Hemoglobin f - answer>>>fetal hg found in the fetus/newborn until 6 months old
2 alpha/2 gamma
Hemoglobin s - answer>>>sickle cell anemia
Quality dysfunction sickle cell trait
Accurate Real Exam Questions and Verified
Correct Answers JUST RELEASED
Differentiate between tumor invasion and metastasis - answer>>>-invasion is the ability of
the tumor to extend into surrounding tissue
-benign tumors are encapsulated and grow by expanding and pushing the surrounding
tissue aside
-malignant tumors are unencapsulated and reach into the surrounding tissue
-metastasis is the ability of the tumor to move to a different location and set up shop
-benign tumors never metastasize
Define t n and m of staging - answer>>>t - tumor spread
N - node involvement
M - presence of distant metastasis
Tumor grade - answer>>>description of a tumor based on how abnormal the cells and the
tumor tissue look under microscope
Well differentiated - grow and spread at lower rate
Undifferentiated - abnormal cells lack normal tissue structure - grow and spread quickly
Grade 1, 2, 3, and 4 - answer>>>1 - well differentiated, low grade
2 - moderately differentiated intermediate grade
3 - poorly differentiated, high grade
4 - undifferentiated, high grade
Three leading causes of cancer deaths in men - answer>>>lung and bronchus
Prostate
Colon and rectum
Three leading causes of cancer deaths in women - answer>>>lung and bronchus
Breast
Colon and rectum
What normally healthy chemicals of the body accelerate cancer cell growth in breast
cancer? - answer>>>estrogen
Progesterone
,Her2 (a growth hormone)
Role of her2 in breast cancer - answer>>>-healthy her2 receptors are the proteins that
help manage how breast cells grow, divide, and repair itself
-in cancer, commonly not functioning properly
-makes excess number of copies - her2 gene amplification
-extra genes instruct production of her2 receptors - her2 protein overexpression
-breast cells grow and divide in uncontrolled fashion
-considered a tumor marker
-cancerous cells with this protein tend to grow faster than other forms of breast cancer
How does estrogen and progesterone influence breast cancer - answer>>>a cancer is er+
or pr+ if it has receptors for estrogen/progesterone
This means the cancer cells receive signals from estrogen which helps promote their
growth
Normal psa - answer>>><4
Men with level between 4 and 10 have a 1 in 4 chance of having prostate cancer
Role of androgens in prostate cancer - answer>>>-androgens promote the growth of both
normal and cancerous prostate cells by binding to and activating the androgen receptor
-androgen receptor stimulates the expression of specific genes that cause prostate cells to
grow
-prostate cancers are referred to as androgen dependent or sensitive because treatments
that decrease androgen levels or block activity can inhibit their growth
Why is chemo not effective in non-small cell lung cancer? - answer>>>-slower growing
cancer
-chemo targets fast dividing cells
-the cancer cells are not dividing fast enough to be targeted
Colorectal polyps - answer>>>benign tissue growths on the mucous membrane lining the
large intestine and rectum; adenomatous types are precancerous and likely to develop
into malignancy
Finding and removing polyps reduces risk of colorectal cancer
Hnpcc - answer>>>hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer
Genetic colorectal cancer
Most people with an altered hnpcc gene develop colon cancer
, Fap - answer>>>familial adenomatous polyposis
Rare inherited condition in which hundreds of polyps form in the colon and rectum
Caused by a change in a specific gene called the apc gene
Leads to colorectal cancer
Initiation - answer>>>induction of a mutation in a critical gene involved in the control of
cell proliferation
Irreversible
Must be a heritable dna alteration
Chemical carcinogens initiate cells via: - answer>>>1 - mutational activation of oncogenic
pathways
2 - mutational inactivation of apoptotic pathways
3 - mutational inactivation of dna repair mechanisms
4 - mutational inactivation of antioxidant response
Promotion - answer>>>selective growth enhancement of the initiated cell. (stimulation of
growth of initiated cells by mitogenic growth factors, hormones, or compensatory
hyperplasia.) Can be interrupted or reversed.
Progression - answer>>>stable alteration of genes in an initiated cell. Mutations or
epigenetic events may confer the malignant phenotypes of invasiveness & metastasis
Irreversible
How long does hbv survive outside the body? - answer>>>7 days and is still capable of
causing disease
Hemoglobin a - answer>>>major hemoglobin in adults
2 alpha/2 beta
Hemoglobin a2 - answer>>>minor adult
2 alpha/2 delta
Hemoglobin f - answer>>>fetal hg found in the fetus/newborn until 6 months old
2 alpha/2 gamma
Hemoglobin s - answer>>>sickle cell anemia
Quality dysfunction sickle cell trait
