HED4805 Assignment 2 (Detailed Response) Due 20 June 2025.

Question 1 (25) Section A of this question is based on the extract below from Chapter 2 of the prescribed textbook (Seroto, Davids & Wolhuter, 2020). Read the extract, and then answer the questions that follow. HED4805/101/0/2025 23 Geographical focus of research and of authorship Scholars, analysts, progressive scholars, and academics in all education sciences and beyond, have expressed concern that the corpus of scholarly publications is dominated by researchers. in the Global North, and that as a consequence their focus is lopsided in favour of the Global North or themes favoured by the interests of the Global North. In a content analysis of articles published in the first 50 years of the top journal in the field of Comparative and International Education, the Comparative Education Review, Wolhuter (2008:330-331) found that countries of the Global North dominate the geographical focus of research. In addition, where countries of the Global South are the subject of research, it is dominated by researchers from the Global North (cf Wolhuter, 2018). Of the 18 523 articles published in the total pool of the Thomson-Reuters indexed education journals for the year 2012, a mere 2.13% were authored by scholars in Africa (ibid). Depaepe and Simon (1996) do not include the geographical terrain of articles in their research, but they do provide an interesting analysis of author provenance. For the articles published between 1961 to 1989 in Paedagogica Historica, the rank-order of the national provenance of authors is illustrated in Table 2.2. The pattern for the period 1990 to 1995 does not differ much from what is illustrated in Table 2.2. However, in this period, the Global South fares worse with 1.6% of all authors being from the Global South (South Africa: 0.8% and Zaire: 0.8%) as shown in table 2.3. Table 2.2 National provenance of authors published in rank order, 1961 to 1989 National provenance of authors (Global North) 1961 to 1989 1. Germany: 22.7%; 2. US: 21.5%; 3. UK: 10.6%; 4. France: 7.4%; 5. Belgium: 6.5% National provenance of authors (Global South) 1961 to 1989 1. India: 1.2%; 2. Malaysia: 1.2%; 3. Nigeria: 0.6%; 4. Sri Lanka: 0.6%; 5. Argentina: 0.3%; 6. Oman: 0.3%; 7. Pakistan: 0.3%; 8. South Africa: 0.3%; 9. Thailand: 0.3%; 10. Zimbabwe: 0.3% (Source: Depaepe & Simon, 1996:426) Table 2.3 National provenance of authors published in rank order, 1990 to 1995 National provenance of authors (Global North) 1990 to 1995 1. Netherlands: 20.2%; 2. Germany: 17.8%; 3. Belgium: 14.0%; 4. France: 10.1%; 5. US: 7.0% National provenance of authors (Global South) 1990 to 1995 Only 1.6% of all authors in the Global South; 1. South Africa: 0.8%; 2. Zaire: 0.8% (Source: Depaepe & Simon, 1996) Freeman and Kirke (2017) deal with geographical foci in their analysis, although the 24 h limitation of their study is that it only covers English medium journals. Freeman and Kirke (2017:830) found that in geographical coverage, in the period 1952 to 2016, England and Great Britain dominated as the geographical terrain of study. During the decade 1980 to 25.7% of all published articles focused on England and Great Britain. While colonialism and colonial education policy remain an area of interest in the field, as do race and ethnicity, two provisos should be mentioned. When it comes to race and ethnicity, research has been spurred by events in the Global North, which is why this field is dominated by the Global North as terrain. These events include the 1960 Civil Rights Movement, the school desegregation movement and to the #BlackLivesMatter movement which all occurred in the United States of America (USA); and the immigration patterns and increasingly multicultural composition of the population of the United Kingdom (UK). In 2016, 14 out of the 19 articles in the “race and ethnicity” category identified by Freeman and Kirke (2017:843), were about the USA. On colonialism and colonial education, a proviso can be tabled that the current imperative for the decolonialisation of education makes the attention given to colonialism and the consequent neglect of decolonialisation skew research publications. While many historians eschew recent history, where the “fog of proximity” makes the true significance of events hard to see, and not entirely without merit, as it could be said that the Global South has had a long run of decolonialisation; it sub Saharan Africa it is over 60 years; in the case of Latin America, it has already been more than two centuries. Therefore, its history merits attention, and this call for attention has also been made and elaborated upon by Davids (2013). The need to recentre History of Education in the Global South Most country states in the Global South have been subjected to European imperialism in one form or another and have been dominated by foreign histories. The need to retrieve new processes of producing and valorising legitimate epistemologies, whether scientific or non-scientific, is imperative for the Global South. The validation of such knowledges will only happen when historians of the Global South revisit spaces and practices that are characterised by systemic oppression, discrimination, capitalism, and colonialism. The Global South does not only refer to a geographical location; it also refers to the pain caused by capitalism and colonialism at different levels. In the Global South, the majority of people were silenced, marginalized, and unemployed; and were victims of sexism and racism because of colonialism. History of Education practitioners in the Global South should not only become “culturally sensitive” when they conduct research, but they also use approaches that form part of indigenous cultures. The time has come for the Global South to discontinue mimicking its counterparts in the North in knowledge production and pedagogy. Research conducted in the South should take cognisance of different worldviews, which are closely tied to people’s relationship with the environment (McKenzie & Morrissette, 2003). In the quotation below, Santos (2014) stresses the need to adopt “epistemologies of the South”’, which will capture: a set of inquiries into the construction and validation of knowledge born in struggle, of ways of 2014). HED4805/101/0/ h Europe and its history have been the centre of attention for far too long. Asante (1998:1) argues that “to be centred is to be located as an agent, instead of as ‘the Other’. Taiwo (1993:895) observes that “colonialism, at least in Africa, is distinguished more by what it excluded from the colonies than what it included”. Africa was described in terms of Eurocentric contexts and very often indigenous perspectives and histories were ignored. Eurocentrism mediated the whole world in that any history that differed from Eurocentric thought was relegated to the periphery. and left unacknowledged (Blaut, 1993). Western educational thought has been promoted through the works of scholars such as Augustine, Socrates, and Luther. When the history of indigenous people is acknowledged, a Eurocentric lens is often used to assess the legitimacy of such knowledge systems. In the endeavour to recentre itself, the Global South must begin to unearth historical truths that have remained hidden for a long time, as these are fundamental for understanding where it comes from and its destination. These truths include: • the origins of the human race in Africa. This assertion is based on the discovery of the oldest known human skeletal remains at Omo, Ethiopia, dated at 195 000 years old, and which have proved to belong to anatomically modern humans or homo sapiens sapiens. • the earliest known fishing expeditions which were organised by the inhabitants of Africa a millennia ago. At Katanda, a region in north-eastern Zaïre (now Congo), an intricately crafted collection of harpoon points that are polished and barbed in detail, were discovered. On the Cape west coast, near Langebaan, the remains of “fish traps” used by the Khoi to catch fish can still be found. This Khoi fishing technique required a grasp of the functioning of high and low tides in order to trap fish inside the crevices created by rocks that were manually arranged into fish traps. • Africans being the first people to engage in mining minerals 43 000 years ago. Around 300 000 mining-related artefacts have been recovered, including thousands of mining tools made out of stone. • Africans pioneering basic arithmetic 25 000 years ago. The Ishango bone, found in the Ishango region of Zaïre (now called Congo) near Lake Edward, is the handle of a tool which has regular notches carved into it that were used for calculation. • evidence which suggests that African travellers may have landed in the Americas before Europeans. • a body of archaeological evidence that demonstrates that the first people to settle in South Africa (Cape of Good Hope) were indigenous people (the Khoi or Khoikhoi). The other challenge for History of Education researchers in the Global South is to reclaim their research spaces. With reference to the text provided, answer the following questions: 1.1 Explain how global schools spread in Global South and Global North. (10) HED4805/101/0/2025 27 1.2. Outline the state of research in the Global South,