RESEARCH DESIGN Replication allows the researcher to
assess the significance of the observed
success or failure of an investigation differences. Only through several
usually depends on the design of the repetitions of the experiment will make
experiment. statistical test of significance possible.
a master plan specifying the methods and
procedures for collecting and analyzing
the needed information in a research Randomization
study
Refers to the assignment of the
four kinds: experimental subjects to the treatments
by chance.
historical design (focused in the past
– what was) It is done to create equivalent groups
prior to the experiment. It tends to
descriptive design (focused in the average out differences among groups.
present condition – what is)
It reduces possible bias in comparative
experimental design (future – what experiments.
will be)
It also assures a valid or unbiased
case study design (past, present and estimate of population parameters and
future). the validity of the statistical test of
significance.
FOUR STEPS OF EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. Selection of the appropriate materials for the
tests; Local Control
2. Specification of the variable to be measured; Done when balancing, grouping and
blocking of experimental units are
3. Selection of the procedure to be used in the
measurement of the variable; and employed in the adopted design.
4. Specification of the procedure to be used to Experimental units are allocated to block
determine whether the measurements support in such a manner that the units within the
the hypothesis. block are relatively homogeneous.
Experimental units may be blocked
according to certain characteristics such
PRINCIPLES OF RESEARCH DESIGN: as height, age, weight, gender, grade level,
pH level, and so on.
Replication
Randomization
Control of Extraneous Variables
Local control
Make sure that no outside or extraneous
Control of extraneous variables variables may affect the experimental
subjects.
Replication Identical conditions must be provided for
the control and experimental groups.
essential element in the design of any These two groups should differ only in
research. Doing just the basic experiment terms of the absence (control) or
is not enough. The experiment should be presence of the treatment (experimental)
repeated several times to find an
estimate of variations among The principles of experimental design can
observations on the group of subjects be applied to SINGLE-FACTOR,
treated alike. TWO-FACTOR and THREE-or
more-FACTOR experiments.
7 0
, SINGLE GROUP DESIGN
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN which a group of subjects are
administered a treatment and then
measured (or observed).
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS: The Basic Building Blocks a design in which a group of subjects are
The general plan for selecting participants, administered a treatment and then
assigning participants to experimental measured (or observed).
conditions,controlling extraneous Usually, with this design, an intact group
variables, and gathering data. of subjects is given the treatment and
then measured or observed.
a description of what a researcher would
like to find out and how to find it out.
No attempt is made to randomly assign
subjects to the groups, nor does the
design provide for any additional groups
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN as comparisons.
a problem-solving approach that the Single Group design does NOT have
study is described in the future on what experimental group and control group
will be when certain variables are
carefully controlled or manipulated. If the F test or analysis of variance is
significant, then this means the
most useful in the natural sciences such achievements of this students using three
as methods of teaching English really differ
with each other.
Botany
If F test or analysis of variance says
Zoology otherwise, then this means the
achievements of this students are almost
Biology
the same.
Phycology
Ichthyology
TWO GROUP DESIGN
Chemistry
Two comparable groups are employed as
Physics experimental and control group
Biochemistry Two-group design. Two comparable
groups are employed as experimental and
Molecular Biology control groups
Microbiology .
Biotechnology and many others. Experimental group
the researcher selects participants and In a two-group design, the group of
divides them into two or more groups participants that receives the
having similar characteristics and, then, Independent Variable.
applies the treatment(s) to the groups
and measures the effects upon the
groups.
Control group
In a two-group design, the group of
participants that does not receive the
Independent Variable.
TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS:
7 0
assess the significance of the observed
success or failure of an investigation differences. Only through several
usually depends on the design of the repetitions of the experiment will make
experiment. statistical test of significance possible.
a master plan specifying the methods and
procedures for collecting and analyzing
the needed information in a research Randomization
study
Refers to the assignment of the
four kinds: experimental subjects to the treatments
by chance.
historical design (focused in the past
– what was) It is done to create equivalent groups
prior to the experiment. It tends to
descriptive design (focused in the average out differences among groups.
present condition – what is)
It reduces possible bias in comparative
experimental design (future – what experiments.
will be)
It also assures a valid or unbiased
case study design (past, present and estimate of population parameters and
future). the validity of the statistical test of
significance.
FOUR STEPS OF EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. Selection of the appropriate materials for the
tests; Local Control
2. Specification of the variable to be measured; Done when balancing, grouping and
blocking of experimental units are
3. Selection of the procedure to be used in the
measurement of the variable; and employed in the adopted design.
4. Specification of the procedure to be used to Experimental units are allocated to block
determine whether the measurements support in such a manner that the units within the
the hypothesis. block are relatively homogeneous.
Experimental units may be blocked
according to certain characteristics such
PRINCIPLES OF RESEARCH DESIGN: as height, age, weight, gender, grade level,
pH level, and so on.
Replication
Randomization
Control of Extraneous Variables
Local control
Make sure that no outside or extraneous
Control of extraneous variables variables may affect the experimental
subjects.
Replication Identical conditions must be provided for
the control and experimental groups.
essential element in the design of any These two groups should differ only in
research. Doing just the basic experiment terms of the absence (control) or
is not enough. The experiment should be presence of the treatment (experimental)
repeated several times to find an
estimate of variations among The principles of experimental design can
observations on the group of subjects be applied to SINGLE-FACTOR,
treated alike. TWO-FACTOR and THREE-or
more-FACTOR experiments.
7 0
, SINGLE GROUP DESIGN
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN which a group of subjects are
administered a treatment and then
measured (or observed).
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS: The Basic Building Blocks a design in which a group of subjects are
The general plan for selecting participants, administered a treatment and then
assigning participants to experimental measured (or observed).
conditions,controlling extraneous Usually, with this design, an intact group
variables, and gathering data. of subjects is given the treatment and
then measured or observed.
a description of what a researcher would
like to find out and how to find it out.
No attempt is made to randomly assign
subjects to the groups, nor does the
design provide for any additional groups
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN as comparisons.
a problem-solving approach that the Single Group design does NOT have
study is described in the future on what experimental group and control group
will be when certain variables are
carefully controlled or manipulated. If the F test or analysis of variance is
significant, then this means the
most useful in the natural sciences such achievements of this students using three
as methods of teaching English really differ
with each other.
Botany
If F test or analysis of variance says
Zoology otherwise, then this means the
achievements of this students are almost
Biology
the same.
Phycology
Ichthyology
TWO GROUP DESIGN
Chemistry
Two comparable groups are employed as
Physics experimental and control group
Biochemistry Two-group design. Two comparable
groups are employed as experimental and
Molecular Biology control groups
Microbiology .
Biotechnology and many others. Experimental group
the researcher selects participants and In a two-group design, the group of
divides them into two or more groups participants that receives the
having similar characteristics and, then, Independent Variable.
applies the treatment(s) to the groups
and measures the effects upon the
groups.
Control group
In a two-group design, the group of
participants that does not receive the
Independent Variable.
TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS:
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