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NURS 231 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL 2025 ACTUAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED
ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+||NEWEST VERSION, EXAMS OF
HEALTH SCIENCES
What are the indications for benzodiazepines? - ANSWER-Commonly used for sedation, relief of
agitation or anxiety, treatment of anxiety-related depression or bipolar disorder, sleep induction
for sleep disorders, skeletal muscle relaxation for muscle spasms, treatment of acute seizure
disorders, treatment and prevention of the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal, and used as an
adjuncts in anaesthesia.
What are the contraindications of benzodiazepines? - ANSWER-pregnancy, known drug allergy,
open-angle glaucoma, elderly (increases risk of falls and dementia), impaired kidney or liver
function
What can happen if a pregnant woman takes benzodiazepines? - ANSWER-Increases the risk of
low birth weight babies and preterm delivery
What are the adverse effects of taking benzodiazepines? - ANSWER-- ataxia (balance,
coordination and speech disturbances)
- confusion, amnesia
- fatigue/lethargy/drowsiness
- lightheadedness, dizziness, vertigo
- headaches
- feeling "hungover", dry mouth, and GI upset
- visual disturbances
- restlessness and/or irritability.
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What are some nursing considerations to help with the adverse drug reactions of
benzodiazepines? - ANSWER-Dizziness/vertigo: have patient rise slowly, avoid driving heavy
machinery, and take drug in the evening
GI upset: take meds with food, regular water and fibre intake, and exercise
What happens if a person overdoses on benzodiazepines? - ANSWER-Luckily, the worst that can
happen is coma. This is why benzo's are preferred to barbiturates because they have lower
toxicities and risks associated with an overdose.
What is flumazenil? - ANSWER-Benzodiazepine antagonist; an antidote to reverse sedative
effects in the case of an OD
What are drug interactions for benzodiazepines? - ANSWER-Do not take with other CNS
depressants to avoid risking respiratory depression, hypotension, toxicities, sedation and
confusion.
Under what circumstances do cells in the kidneys secrete renin?
1. Serum osmotic pressure increases.
2. Serum potassium levels are high
3. The urine pH decreases.
4. Blood flow in the afferent arteriole decreases. - ANSWER-4. blood flow in the afferent
arteriole decreases
At change-of-shift report, the nurse learns the medical diagnoses for four patients. Which
patient should the nurse assess MOST carefully for development of hyponatremia?
Select one:
1. Vomiting all day and not replacing any fluid
2. Tumor that secretes excessive antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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3. Tumor that secretes excessive aldosterone
4. Tumor that destroyed the posterior pituitary gland - ANSWER-2. tumour that secretes
excessive antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Compensation mechanisms in the body for dehydration would include:
Select one:
1. Increased antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
2. Decreased aldosterone.
3. Slow, strong heart contraction
4. Peripheral vasodilation. - ANSWER-1. increased antidiuretic hormone
Which of the following would result from a deficit of plasma proteins?
Select one:
1. Increased osmotic pressure
2. Increased hydrostatic pressure
3. Decreased osmotic pressure
4. Decreased hydrostatic pressure - ANSWER-3. decreased osmotic pressure
Which substance directly controls the reabsorption of water from the collecting ducts?
Select one:
1. Renin
2. Aldosterone
3. Angiotensin
4. Antidiuretic hormone - ANSWER-4. antidiuretic hormone
When a patient is receiving diuretic therapy, what best reflects the patient's fluid volume
status?
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Select one:
1. Blood pressure and pulse
2. Intake, output, and daily weight
3. Abdominal girth and calf circumference
4. Serum potassium and sodium levels - ANSWER-2. Intake, Output and Daily Weight
When is the best time for a patient to receive antidiuretics to reduce the amount of disruption
of their daily routine? - ANSWER-In the morning
Fatigue is characterized by what 3 things? - ANSWER-1. perception of generalized weakness
2. mental fatigue
3. decreased ability to complete activities
Fatigue is classified as a health problem if it persists for...
a. 1+ week
b. 2+ weeks
c. 3+ weeks
d. one month+ - ANSWER-b. 2 weeks
There are 3 kinds of fatigue classifications. What are they? - ANSWER-1. Unknown etiology
2. Physiological (due to an imbalance in sleep, nutrition and activity)
3. Secondary (due to an underlying health condition)
Fatigue is classified as chronic if it persists for... - ANSWER-6+ months
NURS 231 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL 2025 ACTUAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED
ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+||NEWEST VERSION, EXAMS OF
HEALTH SCIENCES
What are the indications for benzodiazepines? - ANSWER-Commonly used for sedation, relief of
agitation or anxiety, treatment of anxiety-related depression or bipolar disorder, sleep induction
for sleep disorders, skeletal muscle relaxation for muscle spasms, treatment of acute seizure
disorders, treatment and prevention of the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal, and used as an
adjuncts in anaesthesia.
What are the contraindications of benzodiazepines? - ANSWER-pregnancy, known drug allergy,
open-angle glaucoma, elderly (increases risk of falls and dementia), impaired kidney or liver
function
What can happen if a pregnant woman takes benzodiazepines? - ANSWER-Increases the risk of
low birth weight babies and preterm delivery
What are the adverse effects of taking benzodiazepines? - ANSWER-- ataxia (balance,
coordination and speech disturbances)
- confusion, amnesia
- fatigue/lethargy/drowsiness
- lightheadedness, dizziness, vertigo
- headaches
- feeling "hungover", dry mouth, and GI upset
- visual disturbances
- restlessness and/or irritability.
,2|Page
What are some nursing considerations to help with the adverse drug reactions of
benzodiazepines? - ANSWER-Dizziness/vertigo: have patient rise slowly, avoid driving heavy
machinery, and take drug in the evening
GI upset: take meds with food, regular water and fibre intake, and exercise
What happens if a person overdoses on benzodiazepines? - ANSWER-Luckily, the worst that can
happen is coma. This is why benzo's are preferred to barbiturates because they have lower
toxicities and risks associated with an overdose.
What is flumazenil? - ANSWER-Benzodiazepine antagonist; an antidote to reverse sedative
effects in the case of an OD
What are drug interactions for benzodiazepines? - ANSWER-Do not take with other CNS
depressants to avoid risking respiratory depression, hypotension, toxicities, sedation and
confusion.
Under what circumstances do cells in the kidneys secrete renin?
1. Serum osmotic pressure increases.
2. Serum potassium levels are high
3. The urine pH decreases.
4. Blood flow in the afferent arteriole decreases. - ANSWER-4. blood flow in the afferent
arteriole decreases
At change-of-shift report, the nurse learns the medical diagnoses for four patients. Which
patient should the nurse assess MOST carefully for development of hyponatremia?
Select one:
1. Vomiting all day and not replacing any fluid
2. Tumor that secretes excessive antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
,3|Page
3. Tumor that secretes excessive aldosterone
4. Tumor that destroyed the posterior pituitary gland - ANSWER-2. tumour that secretes
excessive antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Compensation mechanisms in the body for dehydration would include:
Select one:
1. Increased antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
2. Decreased aldosterone.
3. Slow, strong heart contraction
4. Peripheral vasodilation. - ANSWER-1. increased antidiuretic hormone
Which of the following would result from a deficit of plasma proteins?
Select one:
1. Increased osmotic pressure
2. Increased hydrostatic pressure
3. Decreased osmotic pressure
4. Decreased hydrostatic pressure - ANSWER-3. decreased osmotic pressure
Which substance directly controls the reabsorption of water from the collecting ducts?
Select one:
1. Renin
2. Aldosterone
3. Angiotensin
4. Antidiuretic hormone - ANSWER-4. antidiuretic hormone
When a patient is receiving diuretic therapy, what best reflects the patient's fluid volume
status?
, 4|Page
Select one:
1. Blood pressure and pulse
2. Intake, output, and daily weight
3. Abdominal girth and calf circumference
4. Serum potassium and sodium levels - ANSWER-2. Intake, Output and Daily Weight
When is the best time for a patient to receive antidiuretics to reduce the amount of disruption
of their daily routine? - ANSWER-In the morning
Fatigue is characterized by what 3 things? - ANSWER-1. perception of generalized weakness
2. mental fatigue
3. decreased ability to complete activities
Fatigue is classified as a health problem if it persists for...
a. 1+ week
b. 2+ weeks
c. 3+ weeks
d. one month+ - ANSWER-b. 2 weeks
There are 3 kinds of fatigue classifications. What are they? - ANSWER-1. Unknown etiology
2. Physiological (due to an imbalance in sleep, nutrition and activity)
3. Secondary (due to an underlying health condition)
Fatigue is classified as chronic if it persists for... - ANSWER-6+ months
