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BIOD 171 MODULE 2 EXAM WITH ACCURATE AND VERIFIED
QUESTIONS COVERING THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF
CELLS, CELLULAR TRANSPORT, METABOLISM, AND AN
INTRODUCTION TO TISSUES AND ORGAN SYSTEMS IN HUMAN
BIOLOGY.
What are metal ions usually known to assists enzyme during the catalysis reaction? - ANSWER-
Cofactors are usually metal ions and assist enzyme during the catalysis reaction.
Upon cellular injury, which metabolic process is involved during the growth and repair phases of
the cell? - ANSWER-the anabolic process would be active as it is involved in the building of small
complexes into larger complexes
An organism that derives its energy (generates ATP) from photons of light is called a
_________? - ANSWER-phototrophic microorganism
A reactive intermediate would be present in which phosphorylation process? - ANSWER-
Substrate-level phosphorylation
The chemical compound losing the phosphate group is referred to as the phosphorylated
reactive intermediate.
The presence of what molecule 'signals' to the cell that glycolysis is about to start? - ANSWER-
glucose-6-phosphate (G6P)
T/F: In absence of oxygen fermentation produces only 2 ATP - ANSWER-FALSE.
fermentation only reduces NADH back to NAD+
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What is the primary byproduct of the TCA cycle? Select all that apply.
A. NAD+
B. FAD
C. NADH
D. FADH2 - ANSWER-C. NADH
D. FADH2
The TCA cycle produces an abundance of reduced electron carriers (NADH and FADH2).
What is cellular metabolism? - ANSWER-Metabolism is a controlled set of biochemical reactions
that occur in living organisms in order to maintain life
What is the primary function of enzymes, and how are they regulated? - ANSWER-Enzymes
speed up chemical reactions. Most notably, the enzyme is not consumed during the reaction
and can be used repeatedly by the cell. Enzymes can also be regulated by a cofactor such that in
the absence of the proper cofactor, enzymes are inactive while in its presence enzymes are
active.
What is the difference between catabolism and anabolism? - ANSWER-Catabolism is the process
of breaking down larger molecules into useful energy sources whereas anabolism is the building
up or biosynthesis od macromolecules from smaller molecular units into larger complexes, most
often associated with cellular growth and repair
ATP has the energy to ______, while ADP has the capacity to ______ energy. - ANSWER-Donate,
accept
Chemotrophs can be subdivided into what two additional subgroups? - ANSWER-Chemotrophs,
which acquire energy from preformed chemicals found in the environment, can be divided into
either organotrophs (removing electrons from organic molecules such as glucose) or
lithotrophs, which remove electrons from inorganic molecules
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Chemotrophs utilize which form of phosphorylation? - ANSWER-Chemotrophs use oxidative
phosphorylation (may also accept substrate level phosphorylation). Oxidative phosphorylation
utilizes the energy released by the chemical oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP
What are the three distinct stages in the catabolism of glucose? - ANSWER-Glycolysis is the first
step of this process and yields 2 molecules of ATP. Next, by either fermentation (or respiration) 2
additional molecules of ATP can be produces. Last, the electron transport chain (ETC) produces
34 ATP via an oxidative phosphorylation event at the plasma membrane.
What are the reactants of glycolysis? - ANSWER-Reactants are defined as any molecules present
and involved at the beginning of a specific chemical reaction (ie) glycolysis. In terms of writing
out a chemical reaction, the reactants are everything located to the left of the arrow. The
reactants of glycolysis are glucose, the co-enzyme NAD+ and ATP.
How are the TCA and ETC related? - ANSWER-The end products of the Kreb's (TCA) cycle are
used to fuel the electron transport chain. In other words, as the Kreb's cycle (TCA) produces an
abundance of reduced electron carriers (NADH and FADH2), it fuels the ETC. As the electrons
are transferred from NADH/FADH2 to terminal electron acceptors a proton motor force is
generated, ATP synthase is activated and up to 34 molecules of ATP can be produced.
In the absence of sugars, are entirely different metabolic pathways used to process alternative
sugar sources (fructose or lactose)? - ANSWER-No. Additional enzymatic steps are simply
required at the beginning of catabolism to convert complex sugars into usable forms of either
glucose or a glucose intermediate (glucose-6-phosphate)
Proteases are used to catabolize what? - ANSWER-Proteases are used to breakdown proteins
(whereas lipases are used to breakdown lipids)
Excluding sugars, what are the other sources of energy? Which is highest in energy? - ANSWER-
Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids can all serve as potential energy sources in the absence of
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sugar. Lipids are rich in energy, often having several reduced carbon molecules (high in hydrogen
content) that can be used in both the TCA and ETC cycles
In what organelle does photosynthesis take place? - ANSWER-Photosynthesis, the process of
capturing sunlight and converting it into a usable energy source, occurs in the chloroplasts.
Chloroplasts are double-membrane enclosed organelles. Each chloroplast contains the green
photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll.
True or False: Metabolism is a controlled set of biochemical reactions that occur in living
organisms in order to maintain life. - ANSWER-True
True or False: Enzymes are polysaccharides that catalyze chemical reactions. - ANSWER-False
Enzymes are PROTEINS that catalyze chemical reactions
What is a cofactor? And give a general example. - ANSWER-A cofactor is a small chemical
component that assists an enzyme during the catalysis reactions. A cofactor is usually metal
ions.
Define anabolism. - ANSWER-Anabolism is the process of building up smaller molecular units
into larger complexes
In order to convert proteins into amino acids which metabolic process would be active? -
ANSWER-Catabolism would be active because proteins are made up of amino acids. Therefore
the process would be the breakdown (or catabolism) of proteins into amino acids.
Describe the energy transfer process relative to both ATP and ADP. - ANSWER-ATP has the
energy (phosphate group) to DONATE, while ADP can ACCEPT energy from the form of a
phosphate group. Therefore, ATP can be reduced while ADP can be built up.
BIOD 171 MODULE 2 EXAM WITH ACCURATE AND VERIFIED
QUESTIONS COVERING THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF
CELLS, CELLULAR TRANSPORT, METABOLISM, AND AN
INTRODUCTION TO TISSUES AND ORGAN SYSTEMS IN HUMAN
BIOLOGY.
What are metal ions usually known to assists enzyme during the catalysis reaction? - ANSWER-
Cofactors are usually metal ions and assist enzyme during the catalysis reaction.
Upon cellular injury, which metabolic process is involved during the growth and repair phases of
the cell? - ANSWER-the anabolic process would be active as it is involved in the building of small
complexes into larger complexes
An organism that derives its energy (generates ATP) from photons of light is called a
_________? - ANSWER-phototrophic microorganism
A reactive intermediate would be present in which phosphorylation process? - ANSWER-
Substrate-level phosphorylation
The chemical compound losing the phosphate group is referred to as the phosphorylated
reactive intermediate.
The presence of what molecule 'signals' to the cell that glycolysis is about to start? - ANSWER-
glucose-6-phosphate (G6P)
T/F: In absence of oxygen fermentation produces only 2 ATP - ANSWER-FALSE.
fermentation only reduces NADH back to NAD+
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What is the primary byproduct of the TCA cycle? Select all that apply.
A. NAD+
B. FAD
C. NADH
D. FADH2 - ANSWER-C. NADH
D. FADH2
The TCA cycle produces an abundance of reduced electron carriers (NADH and FADH2).
What is cellular metabolism? - ANSWER-Metabolism is a controlled set of biochemical reactions
that occur in living organisms in order to maintain life
What is the primary function of enzymes, and how are they regulated? - ANSWER-Enzymes
speed up chemical reactions. Most notably, the enzyme is not consumed during the reaction
and can be used repeatedly by the cell. Enzymes can also be regulated by a cofactor such that in
the absence of the proper cofactor, enzymes are inactive while in its presence enzymes are
active.
What is the difference between catabolism and anabolism? - ANSWER-Catabolism is the process
of breaking down larger molecules into useful energy sources whereas anabolism is the building
up or biosynthesis od macromolecules from smaller molecular units into larger complexes, most
often associated with cellular growth and repair
ATP has the energy to ______, while ADP has the capacity to ______ energy. - ANSWER-Donate,
accept
Chemotrophs can be subdivided into what two additional subgroups? - ANSWER-Chemotrophs,
which acquire energy from preformed chemicals found in the environment, can be divided into
either organotrophs (removing electrons from organic molecules such as glucose) or
lithotrophs, which remove electrons from inorganic molecules
,3|Page
Chemotrophs utilize which form of phosphorylation? - ANSWER-Chemotrophs use oxidative
phosphorylation (may also accept substrate level phosphorylation). Oxidative phosphorylation
utilizes the energy released by the chemical oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP
What are the three distinct stages in the catabolism of glucose? - ANSWER-Glycolysis is the first
step of this process and yields 2 molecules of ATP. Next, by either fermentation (or respiration) 2
additional molecules of ATP can be produces. Last, the electron transport chain (ETC) produces
34 ATP via an oxidative phosphorylation event at the plasma membrane.
What are the reactants of glycolysis? - ANSWER-Reactants are defined as any molecules present
and involved at the beginning of a specific chemical reaction (ie) glycolysis. In terms of writing
out a chemical reaction, the reactants are everything located to the left of the arrow. The
reactants of glycolysis are glucose, the co-enzyme NAD+ and ATP.
How are the TCA and ETC related? - ANSWER-The end products of the Kreb's (TCA) cycle are
used to fuel the electron transport chain. In other words, as the Kreb's cycle (TCA) produces an
abundance of reduced electron carriers (NADH and FADH2), it fuels the ETC. As the electrons
are transferred from NADH/FADH2 to terminal electron acceptors a proton motor force is
generated, ATP synthase is activated and up to 34 molecules of ATP can be produced.
In the absence of sugars, are entirely different metabolic pathways used to process alternative
sugar sources (fructose or lactose)? - ANSWER-No. Additional enzymatic steps are simply
required at the beginning of catabolism to convert complex sugars into usable forms of either
glucose or a glucose intermediate (glucose-6-phosphate)
Proteases are used to catabolize what? - ANSWER-Proteases are used to breakdown proteins
(whereas lipases are used to breakdown lipids)
Excluding sugars, what are the other sources of energy? Which is highest in energy? - ANSWER-
Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids can all serve as potential energy sources in the absence of
, 4|Page
sugar. Lipids are rich in energy, often having several reduced carbon molecules (high in hydrogen
content) that can be used in both the TCA and ETC cycles
In what organelle does photosynthesis take place? - ANSWER-Photosynthesis, the process of
capturing sunlight and converting it into a usable energy source, occurs in the chloroplasts.
Chloroplasts are double-membrane enclosed organelles. Each chloroplast contains the green
photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll.
True or False: Metabolism is a controlled set of biochemical reactions that occur in living
organisms in order to maintain life. - ANSWER-True
True or False: Enzymes are polysaccharides that catalyze chemical reactions. - ANSWER-False
Enzymes are PROTEINS that catalyze chemical reactions
What is a cofactor? And give a general example. - ANSWER-A cofactor is a small chemical
component that assists an enzyme during the catalysis reactions. A cofactor is usually metal
ions.
Define anabolism. - ANSWER-Anabolism is the process of building up smaller molecular units
into larger complexes
In order to convert proteins into amino acids which metabolic process would be active? -
ANSWER-Catabolism would be active because proteins are made up of amino acids. Therefore
the process would be the breakdown (or catabolism) of proteins into amino acids.
Describe the energy transfer process relative to both ATP and ADP. - ANSWER-ATP has the
energy (phosphate group) to DONATE, while ADP can ACCEPT energy from the form of a
phosphate group. Therefore, ATP can be reduced while ADP can be built up.
