NCERT Biology Class 6-12 Compilation by Pmfias.com
PDF Contents
1. Cell ................................................................................................................................ 15
Cell Organelles ..................................................................................................................................................... 15
Plasma Membrane or Cell Membrane ............................................................................................................................................ 16
Additional Reading: Diffusion, Osmosis & Reverse Osmosis ........................................................................................................... 17
Reverse Osmosis (RO) ..................................................................................................................................................................... 18
Cell Wall .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Cytoplasm........................................................................................................................................................................................ 20
Nucleus ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 20
Nucleoid .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 21
Prokaryotic Cells vs. Eukaryotic Cells .............................................................................................................................................. 21
Vacuoles .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)............................................................................................................................................................ 23
Golgi Apparatus or Golgi Complex .................................................................................................................................................. 24
Lysosomes ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 24
Mitochondria................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
Plastids ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 25
Summary ............................................................................................................................................................. 26
Plant Cell vs. Animal Cell ...................................................................................................................................... 27
Questions ............................................................................................................................................................ 28
Q1. Statements ............................................................................................................................................................................... 28
Q2. Statements ............................................................................................................................................................................... 28
2. Biomolecules – Carbohydrates....................................................................................... 29
Carbohydrates ..................................................................................................................................................... 29
Monosaccharides ............................................................................................................................................................................ 31
Oligosaccharides ............................................................................................................................................................................. 32
Polysaccharides ............................................................................................................................................................................... 33
Importance of Carbohydrates ............................................................................................................................... 34
Summary ............................................................................................................................................................. 35
3. Biomolecules – Amino Acids & Proteins ......................................................................... 35
, Amino Acids ......................................................................................................................................................... 35
Proteins ............................................................................................................................................................... 36
Structure of Proteins ............................................................................................................................................ 37
Fibrous proteins .............................................................................................................................................................................. 38
Globular proteins ............................................................................................................................................................................ 38
Primary structure of proteins .......................................................................................................................................................... 38
Secondary structure of proteins...................................................................................................................................................... 38
Role of Proteins.................................................................................................................................................... 39
Enzymes .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 39
Summary ............................................................................................................................................................. 41
4. Biomolecules – Metabolites & Vitamins ........................................................................ 41
Primary & Secondary Metabolites ........................................................................................................................ 41
Minerals .............................................................................................................................................................. 42
Vitamins .............................................................................................................................................................. 42
Fat soluble vitamins ........................................................................................................................................................................ 43
Water soluble vitamins ................................................................................................................................................................... 43
Important Micronutrients..................................................................................................................................... 44
Food Sources of Vitamins & Minerals .................................................................................................................... 45
Deficiency Diseases .............................................................................................................................................. 46
Questions ............................................................................................................................................................ 47
5. Biomolecules – Fats: Trans Fat, Saturated & Unsaturated Fat ........................................ 48
Lipid..................................................................................................................................................................... 48
Fatty Acid............................................................................................................................................................. 49
Fats...................................................................................................................................................................... 49
Adipose tissue ................................................................................................................................................................................. 50
Types of Fats ........................................................................................................................................................ 50
Saturated fat ................................................................................................................................................................................... 50
Unsaturated fat ............................................................................................................................................................................... 50
Healthy Fats – Omega-3 and Omega-6, Monounsaturated and Polyunsaturated ................................................... 51
Unhealthy Fats – Saturated Fat & Trans Fat ........................................................................................................... 52
Elimination Trans Fat from Food ..................................................................................................................................................... 53
6. Animal Tissues ............................................................................................................... 54
, Epithelial Tissue ................................................................................................................................................... 54
Simple Epithelium ........................................................................................................................................................................... 55
Compound Epithelium .................................................................................................................................................................... 57
Connective Tissue................................................................................................................................................. 57
Loose Connective Tissue ................................................................................................................................................................. 58
Dense Connective Tissue ................................................................................................................................................................. 58
Specialized Connective Tissue – Cartilage, Bones, Blood, Areolar .................................................................................................. 59
Muscular Tissue ................................................................................................................................................... 59
Skeletal Muscle Tissue – Voluntary Muscles ................................................................................................................................... 60
Smooth Muscle Tissue – Involuntary Muscles........................................................................................................ 60
Cardiac Muscle Tissue – Involuntary Muscles ................................................................................................................................. 60
Nervous Tissue ................................................................................................................................................................................ 61
7. Human Digestive System ............................................................................................... 62
Alimentary Canal.................................................................................................................................................. 62
Buccal Cavity or Oral Cavity – Teeth, Tongue, Saliva ...................................................................................................................... 63
Foodpipe/Oesophagus .................................................................................................................................................................... 64
Stomach .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 64
Small intestine ................................................................................................................................................................................. 65
Large intestine ................................................................................................................................................................................. 66
Layers of Alimentary Canal .............................................................................................................................................................. 67
Digestive Glands................................................................................................................................................... 67
Salivary glands ................................................................................................................................................................................. 68
Liver ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 68
Pancreas .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 69
Digestion – Enzyme Action in Stomach .................................................................................................................. 69
Digestion – Enzyme Action in Small Intestine ........................................................................................................ 69
Absorption of Digested Products .......................................................................................................................... 70
Summary of Absorption in Different Parts of Digestive System ..................................................................................................... 71
Disorders of Digestive System ............................................................................................................................... 71
8. Respiration – Breathing & Exchange of Gases ................................................................ 72
Human Respiratory System .................................................................................................................................. 73
Mechanism of Breathing....................................................................................................................................... 75
Exchange of Gases ................................................................................................................................................ 76
, Transport of Gases ............................................................................................................................................... 76
Transport of Oxygen ........................................................................................................................................................................ 76
Transport of Carbon dioxide ........................................................................................................................................................... 77
Regulation of Respiration ..................................................................................................................................... 77
Disorders of Respiratory System ........................................................................................................................... 78
9. Endocrine Glands & Hormones ...................................................................................... 78
Hypothalamus ...................................................................................................................................................... 79
Pituitary Gland ..................................................................................................................................................... 79
Pineal Gland ......................................................................................................................................................... 81
Thyroid Gland ...................................................................................................................................................... 81
Parathyroid Gland ................................................................................................................................................ 82
Thymus ................................................................................................................................................................ 82
Adrenal Gland ...................................................................................................................................................... 82
Pancreas .............................................................................................................................................................. 83
Testis ................................................................................................................................................................... 84
Ovary ................................................................................................................................................................... 85
Hormones of Heart, Kidney & Gastrointestinal Tract ............................................................................................. 85
Mechanism of Hormone Action ............................................................................................................................ 86
Summary ............................................................................................................................................................. 86
10. Neural Control & Coordination ...................................................................................... 88
Human Neural System .......................................................................................................................................... 89
Peripheral Neural System (PNS) ...................................................................................................................................................... 89
Central Neural System (CNS) ........................................................................................................................................................... 89
Human Brain ........................................................................................................................................................ 90
Forebrain ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 90
Midbrain .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 91
Hindbrain......................................................................................................................................................................................... 91
Reflex Action & Reflex Arc .................................................................................................................................... 91
Types of Movements ............................................................................................................................................ 92
Muscular System – Muscle Types .......................................................................................................................... 93
Skeletal Muscles .............................................................................................................................................................................. 93
Visceral Muscles .............................................................................................................................................................................. 94
Cardiac Muscles............................................................................................................................................................................... 94
PDF Contents
1. Cell ................................................................................................................................ 15
Cell Organelles ..................................................................................................................................................... 15
Plasma Membrane or Cell Membrane ............................................................................................................................................ 16
Additional Reading: Diffusion, Osmosis & Reverse Osmosis ........................................................................................................... 17
Reverse Osmosis (RO) ..................................................................................................................................................................... 18
Cell Wall .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Cytoplasm........................................................................................................................................................................................ 20
Nucleus ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 20
Nucleoid .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 21
Prokaryotic Cells vs. Eukaryotic Cells .............................................................................................................................................. 21
Vacuoles .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)............................................................................................................................................................ 23
Golgi Apparatus or Golgi Complex .................................................................................................................................................. 24
Lysosomes ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 24
Mitochondria................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
Plastids ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 25
Summary ............................................................................................................................................................. 26
Plant Cell vs. Animal Cell ...................................................................................................................................... 27
Questions ............................................................................................................................................................ 28
Q1. Statements ............................................................................................................................................................................... 28
Q2. Statements ............................................................................................................................................................................... 28
2. Biomolecules – Carbohydrates....................................................................................... 29
Carbohydrates ..................................................................................................................................................... 29
Monosaccharides ............................................................................................................................................................................ 31
Oligosaccharides ............................................................................................................................................................................. 32
Polysaccharides ............................................................................................................................................................................... 33
Importance of Carbohydrates ............................................................................................................................... 34
Summary ............................................................................................................................................................. 35
3. Biomolecules – Amino Acids & Proteins ......................................................................... 35
, Amino Acids ......................................................................................................................................................... 35
Proteins ............................................................................................................................................................... 36
Structure of Proteins ............................................................................................................................................ 37
Fibrous proteins .............................................................................................................................................................................. 38
Globular proteins ............................................................................................................................................................................ 38
Primary structure of proteins .......................................................................................................................................................... 38
Secondary structure of proteins...................................................................................................................................................... 38
Role of Proteins.................................................................................................................................................... 39
Enzymes .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 39
Summary ............................................................................................................................................................. 41
4. Biomolecules – Metabolites & Vitamins ........................................................................ 41
Primary & Secondary Metabolites ........................................................................................................................ 41
Minerals .............................................................................................................................................................. 42
Vitamins .............................................................................................................................................................. 42
Fat soluble vitamins ........................................................................................................................................................................ 43
Water soluble vitamins ................................................................................................................................................................... 43
Important Micronutrients..................................................................................................................................... 44
Food Sources of Vitamins & Minerals .................................................................................................................... 45
Deficiency Diseases .............................................................................................................................................. 46
Questions ............................................................................................................................................................ 47
5. Biomolecules – Fats: Trans Fat, Saturated & Unsaturated Fat ........................................ 48
Lipid..................................................................................................................................................................... 48
Fatty Acid............................................................................................................................................................. 49
Fats...................................................................................................................................................................... 49
Adipose tissue ................................................................................................................................................................................. 50
Types of Fats ........................................................................................................................................................ 50
Saturated fat ................................................................................................................................................................................... 50
Unsaturated fat ............................................................................................................................................................................... 50
Healthy Fats – Omega-3 and Omega-6, Monounsaturated and Polyunsaturated ................................................... 51
Unhealthy Fats – Saturated Fat & Trans Fat ........................................................................................................... 52
Elimination Trans Fat from Food ..................................................................................................................................................... 53
6. Animal Tissues ............................................................................................................... 54
, Epithelial Tissue ................................................................................................................................................... 54
Simple Epithelium ........................................................................................................................................................................... 55
Compound Epithelium .................................................................................................................................................................... 57
Connective Tissue................................................................................................................................................. 57
Loose Connective Tissue ................................................................................................................................................................. 58
Dense Connective Tissue ................................................................................................................................................................. 58
Specialized Connective Tissue – Cartilage, Bones, Blood, Areolar .................................................................................................. 59
Muscular Tissue ................................................................................................................................................... 59
Skeletal Muscle Tissue – Voluntary Muscles ................................................................................................................................... 60
Smooth Muscle Tissue – Involuntary Muscles........................................................................................................ 60
Cardiac Muscle Tissue – Involuntary Muscles ................................................................................................................................. 60
Nervous Tissue ................................................................................................................................................................................ 61
7. Human Digestive System ............................................................................................... 62
Alimentary Canal.................................................................................................................................................. 62
Buccal Cavity or Oral Cavity – Teeth, Tongue, Saliva ...................................................................................................................... 63
Foodpipe/Oesophagus .................................................................................................................................................................... 64
Stomach .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 64
Small intestine ................................................................................................................................................................................. 65
Large intestine ................................................................................................................................................................................. 66
Layers of Alimentary Canal .............................................................................................................................................................. 67
Digestive Glands................................................................................................................................................... 67
Salivary glands ................................................................................................................................................................................. 68
Liver ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 68
Pancreas .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 69
Digestion – Enzyme Action in Stomach .................................................................................................................. 69
Digestion – Enzyme Action in Small Intestine ........................................................................................................ 69
Absorption of Digested Products .......................................................................................................................... 70
Summary of Absorption in Different Parts of Digestive System ..................................................................................................... 71
Disorders of Digestive System ............................................................................................................................... 71
8. Respiration – Breathing & Exchange of Gases ................................................................ 72
Human Respiratory System .................................................................................................................................. 73
Mechanism of Breathing....................................................................................................................................... 75
Exchange of Gases ................................................................................................................................................ 76
, Transport of Gases ............................................................................................................................................... 76
Transport of Oxygen ........................................................................................................................................................................ 76
Transport of Carbon dioxide ........................................................................................................................................................... 77
Regulation of Respiration ..................................................................................................................................... 77
Disorders of Respiratory System ........................................................................................................................... 78
9. Endocrine Glands & Hormones ...................................................................................... 78
Hypothalamus ...................................................................................................................................................... 79
Pituitary Gland ..................................................................................................................................................... 79
Pineal Gland ......................................................................................................................................................... 81
Thyroid Gland ...................................................................................................................................................... 81
Parathyroid Gland ................................................................................................................................................ 82
Thymus ................................................................................................................................................................ 82
Adrenal Gland ...................................................................................................................................................... 82
Pancreas .............................................................................................................................................................. 83
Testis ................................................................................................................................................................... 84
Ovary ................................................................................................................................................................... 85
Hormones of Heart, Kidney & Gastrointestinal Tract ............................................................................................. 85
Mechanism of Hormone Action ............................................................................................................................ 86
Summary ............................................................................................................................................................. 86
10. Neural Control & Coordination ...................................................................................... 88
Human Neural System .......................................................................................................................................... 89
Peripheral Neural System (PNS) ...................................................................................................................................................... 89
Central Neural System (CNS) ........................................................................................................................................................... 89
Human Brain ........................................................................................................................................................ 90
Forebrain ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 90
Midbrain .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 91
Hindbrain......................................................................................................................................................................................... 91
Reflex Action & Reflex Arc .................................................................................................................................... 91
Types of Movements ............................................................................................................................................ 92
Muscular System – Muscle Types .......................................................................................................................... 93
Skeletal Muscles .............................................................................................................................................................................. 93
Visceral Muscles .............................................................................................................................................................................. 94
Cardiac Muscles............................................................................................................................................................................... 94
