2025 LATEST BIOD331 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
2025 LATEST BIOD331 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM |
COMPLETE EXAM ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
What type of signaling occurs in the nervous system as neurotransmitters act on adjacent nerve
cells? - ANSWER-Synaptic
Explain how the skin's physical barrier makes it inhospitable to microorganisms - ANSWER-Our
skin is comprised of closely packed cells in multiple layers. Keratin is what covers the skin and
makes it a salty acidic inhospitable environment to microbes with the use of proteins and
lysozymes.
Explain the challenges of diagnosing autoimmune disorders - ANSWER-There are over 80
identified, many with overlapping presentations. Many manifestations are nonspecific and are
seen in other non-autoimmune diseases. Blood testing isn't perfect either, as some tests are
more generic and can be elevated in the presence of other diseases.
You recently diagnosed your patient with Narcolepsy. You prescribed a low dose of Adderall to
treat his daytime sleepiness. What are TWO behavior modifications he should make to
control/prevent his symptoms? - ANSWER-He should practice proper sleep hygiene, avoid sleep
deprivation, and practice safety during high-risk activities, e.g. driving. He should take several
short naps per day (approximately 15 minutes in length) to help ease the symptom of daytime
sleepiness.
Your friend is suffering from adjustment insomnia. She just started a new job and is anxious
about her new responsibilities. What are TWO behavior modifications she can make to prevent
sleep disturbances? - ANSWER-Treatment and prevention for any type of insomnia must begin
with patient education to promote good sleep hygiene (sleep habits.) This involves the
establishment of consistent sleep patterns (going to bed at the same time each night and only
sleeping as long as one needs to feel refreshed during the day), creating a comfortable sleeping
environment (optimal room temperature), avoidance of screens and excessive light right before
bed, and finally, avoidance of stimulants (caffeine) several hours prior to normal bedtime.
, 2025 LATEST BIOD331 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
Your patient has been suffering from chronic insomnia for the past 6 months. You have
prescribed her Ambien as a sedative, but what are TWO additional behavior modifications she
can make to prevent sleep disturbances? - ANSWER-Treatment and prevention for any type of
insomnia must begin with patient education to promote good sleep hygiene (sleep habits.) This
involves the establishment of consistent sleep patterns (going to bed at the same time each
night and only sleeping as long as one needs to feel refreshed during the day),creating a
comfortable sleeping environment (optimal room temperature), avoidance of screens and
excessive light right before bed, and finally, avoidance of stimulants (caffeine) several hours
prior to normal bedtime.
True/False: The T cells that display the host's MHC antigens and T-cell receptors for a nonself-
antigen are allowed to mature, a process termed negative selection. - ANSWER-False
You are seeing Jenny, a 25-year-old female in your office whose chief complaint is debilitating
pain in the MCP joints of both hands. Jenny reports general feelings of fatigue, and you notice
nodules over her MCP joints. She states that she experiences stiffness in her hands in the
morning that lasts well over an hour. However, as she gets moving, this seems to subside. Would
you suspect that Jenny has OA or RA? List TWO pieces of evidence that support your diagnosis. -
ANSWER-Jenny more than likely has RA. She is young. She has a bilateral presentation. Her MCP
joints are affected, which is most common with RA. She is exhibiting systemic symptoms of
fatigue. She has prolonged morning stiffness in her joints, but this is alleviated with movement.
You are seeing Lynn, a 40-year-old female in your office whose chief complaint is severe pain in
the DIP joints of both of her hands. She is a medical transcriptionist and types all day long. She
reports that her pain gets worse as the day goes on. Would you suspect that Lynn has OA or RA?
List TWO pieces of evidence that support your diagnosis. - ANSWER-Lynn more than likely has
OA. Her age of onset is between 30 and 60. Her DIP joints are affected, which is common with
OA but not for RA. She has a job that is repetitive in nature. Her symptoms get worse with
activity/as the day goes on.
(If the correct diagnosis is identified, 3 points should be awarded. Full credit should be given if
the correct diagnosis is made with two pieces of supporting evidence.)
, 2025 LATEST BIOD331 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
You are seeing Tom, a 65-year-old male in your office whose chief complaint is severe pain in his
right knee. Tom reports that he experiences some stiffness when he first wakes up, but if he
walks around for a little bit, the stiffness goes away. Tom likes to be active and is on his feet a lot
throughout the day. He reports that by the end of the day he has to take a Tylenol because he
cannot tolerate the pain. Would you suspect that Tom has OA or RA? List TWO pieces
ofevidence that support your diagnosis. - ANSWER-Tom more than likely has OA. His age of
onset is higher. He has unilateral presentation. His stiffness in the morning is relieved quickly by
moving around. His pain worsens the longer he is on his feet.
(If the correct diagnosis is identified, 3 points should be awarded. Full credit should be given if
the correct diagnosis is made with two pieces of supporting evidence.)
Which lab value will typically be increased in a viral infection? - ANSWER-Lymphocytes
Which cell in the blood provides primary hemostasis? - ANSWER-Platelets
Your patient has serum uric acid levels of 7.5 mg/dL. They are not complaining of pain, and
there are no signs of inflammation. What phase of gout would you place them? - ANSWER-
Asymptomatic hyperuricemia
Your patient has serum uric acid levels of 7.5 mg/dL. They are complaining of severe pain in the
affected joint that is painful to the touch. What phase of gout would you place them? -
ANSWER-Acute gout arthritis
Your patient has serum uric acid levels of 7.5 mg/dL. They have had multiple gout attacks in the
past. They are currently not experiencing joint pain, but you notice visible tophi over their
affected joints. What phase of gout would you place them? - ANSWER-Chronic tophaceous gout
(phase 4)
A 9-year-old boy with a peanut allergy was exposed to peanuts. He presents to the emergency
room with an anaphylactic reaction.
, 2025 LATEST BIOD331 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
(1) What symptoms might he present with?
(2) Does the quantity of exposure mean he will have a more severe reaction?
(3) What is the initial immediate treatment?
(4) What are 2 things people with anaphylaxis should always carry? - ANSWER-(1) Any of the
following reactions are accepted.
Grade I: erythema and urticaria, with or without angioedema
Grade II: hypotension, tachycardia, dyspnea, and GI manifestations, like nausea, vomiting,
diarrhea, and abdominal cramping from mucosal edema
Grade III: bronchospasm, cardiac dysrhythmias, and cardiac collapse.
Grade IV: cardiac arrest
(2) No
(3) Epinephrine
(4) Identification about allergy, EpiPen
A 12-year-old female presents with itchy eyes, nasal congestion and drainage, and sneezing
every spring when the pollen count is high.
(1) Explain the immunologic mechanisms that are responsible for her symptoms.
(2) What type(s) of treatment might be used to relieve her symptoms? - ANSWER-(1) Mast cells,
basophils, and eosinophils play an important role with type I reactions because they contain
histamines. Primary response is vasodilation, vascular leakage, and smooth muscle contraction.
Late-phase response is more intense with eosinophils and other acute and chronic
inflammatory cells, as well as tissue damage. (2) Antihistamines.
Which of the following is/are characteristic of normal tissue function, renewal and repair?
Select all that apply. - ANSWER-Hypertrophy
Apoptosis
2025 LATEST BIOD331 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM |
COMPLETE EXAM ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
What type of signaling occurs in the nervous system as neurotransmitters act on adjacent nerve
cells? - ANSWER-Synaptic
Explain how the skin's physical barrier makes it inhospitable to microorganisms - ANSWER-Our
skin is comprised of closely packed cells in multiple layers. Keratin is what covers the skin and
makes it a salty acidic inhospitable environment to microbes with the use of proteins and
lysozymes.
Explain the challenges of diagnosing autoimmune disorders - ANSWER-There are over 80
identified, many with overlapping presentations. Many manifestations are nonspecific and are
seen in other non-autoimmune diseases. Blood testing isn't perfect either, as some tests are
more generic and can be elevated in the presence of other diseases.
You recently diagnosed your patient with Narcolepsy. You prescribed a low dose of Adderall to
treat his daytime sleepiness. What are TWO behavior modifications he should make to
control/prevent his symptoms? - ANSWER-He should practice proper sleep hygiene, avoid sleep
deprivation, and practice safety during high-risk activities, e.g. driving. He should take several
short naps per day (approximately 15 minutes in length) to help ease the symptom of daytime
sleepiness.
Your friend is suffering from adjustment insomnia. She just started a new job and is anxious
about her new responsibilities. What are TWO behavior modifications she can make to prevent
sleep disturbances? - ANSWER-Treatment and prevention for any type of insomnia must begin
with patient education to promote good sleep hygiene (sleep habits.) This involves the
establishment of consistent sleep patterns (going to bed at the same time each night and only
sleeping as long as one needs to feel refreshed during the day), creating a comfortable sleeping
environment (optimal room temperature), avoidance of screens and excessive light right before
bed, and finally, avoidance of stimulants (caffeine) several hours prior to normal bedtime.
, 2025 LATEST BIOD331 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
Your patient has been suffering from chronic insomnia for the past 6 months. You have
prescribed her Ambien as a sedative, but what are TWO additional behavior modifications she
can make to prevent sleep disturbances? - ANSWER-Treatment and prevention for any type of
insomnia must begin with patient education to promote good sleep hygiene (sleep habits.) This
involves the establishment of consistent sleep patterns (going to bed at the same time each
night and only sleeping as long as one needs to feel refreshed during the day),creating a
comfortable sleeping environment (optimal room temperature), avoidance of screens and
excessive light right before bed, and finally, avoidance of stimulants (caffeine) several hours
prior to normal bedtime.
True/False: The T cells that display the host's MHC antigens and T-cell receptors for a nonself-
antigen are allowed to mature, a process termed negative selection. - ANSWER-False
You are seeing Jenny, a 25-year-old female in your office whose chief complaint is debilitating
pain in the MCP joints of both hands. Jenny reports general feelings of fatigue, and you notice
nodules over her MCP joints. She states that she experiences stiffness in her hands in the
morning that lasts well over an hour. However, as she gets moving, this seems to subside. Would
you suspect that Jenny has OA or RA? List TWO pieces of evidence that support your diagnosis. -
ANSWER-Jenny more than likely has RA. She is young. She has a bilateral presentation. Her MCP
joints are affected, which is most common with RA. She is exhibiting systemic symptoms of
fatigue. She has prolonged morning stiffness in her joints, but this is alleviated with movement.
You are seeing Lynn, a 40-year-old female in your office whose chief complaint is severe pain in
the DIP joints of both of her hands. She is a medical transcriptionist and types all day long. She
reports that her pain gets worse as the day goes on. Would you suspect that Lynn has OA or RA?
List TWO pieces of evidence that support your diagnosis. - ANSWER-Lynn more than likely has
OA. Her age of onset is between 30 and 60. Her DIP joints are affected, which is common with
OA but not for RA. She has a job that is repetitive in nature. Her symptoms get worse with
activity/as the day goes on.
(If the correct diagnosis is identified, 3 points should be awarded. Full credit should be given if
the correct diagnosis is made with two pieces of supporting evidence.)
, 2025 LATEST BIOD331 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
You are seeing Tom, a 65-year-old male in your office whose chief complaint is severe pain in his
right knee. Tom reports that he experiences some stiffness when he first wakes up, but if he
walks around for a little bit, the stiffness goes away. Tom likes to be active and is on his feet a lot
throughout the day. He reports that by the end of the day he has to take a Tylenol because he
cannot tolerate the pain. Would you suspect that Tom has OA or RA? List TWO pieces
ofevidence that support your diagnosis. - ANSWER-Tom more than likely has OA. His age of
onset is higher. He has unilateral presentation. His stiffness in the morning is relieved quickly by
moving around. His pain worsens the longer he is on his feet.
(If the correct diagnosis is identified, 3 points should be awarded. Full credit should be given if
the correct diagnosis is made with two pieces of supporting evidence.)
Which lab value will typically be increased in a viral infection? - ANSWER-Lymphocytes
Which cell in the blood provides primary hemostasis? - ANSWER-Platelets
Your patient has serum uric acid levels of 7.5 mg/dL. They are not complaining of pain, and
there are no signs of inflammation. What phase of gout would you place them? - ANSWER-
Asymptomatic hyperuricemia
Your patient has serum uric acid levels of 7.5 mg/dL. They are complaining of severe pain in the
affected joint that is painful to the touch. What phase of gout would you place them? -
ANSWER-Acute gout arthritis
Your patient has serum uric acid levels of 7.5 mg/dL. They have had multiple gout attacks in the
past. They are currently not experiencing joint pain, but you notice visible tophi over their
affected joints. What phase of gout would you place them? - ANSWER-Chronic tophaceous gout
(phase 4)
A 9-year-old boy with a peanut allergy was exposed to peanuts. He presents to the emergency
room with an anaphylactic reaction.
, 2025 LATEST BIOD331 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
(1) What symptoms might he present with?
(2) Does the quantity of exposure mean he will have a more severe reaction?
(3) What is the initial immediate treatment?
(4) What are 2 things people with anaphylaxis should always carry? - ANSWER-(1) Any of the
following reactions are accepted.
Grade I: erythema and urticaria, with or without angioedema
Grade II: hypotension, tachycardia, dyspnea, and GI manifestations, like nausea, vomiting,
diarrhea, and abdominal cramping from mucosal edema
Grade III: bronchospasm, cardiac dysrhythmias, and cardiac collapse.
Grade IV: cardiac arrest
(2) No
(3) Epinephrine
(4) Identification about allergy, EpiPen
A 12-year-old female presents with itchy eyes, nasal congestion and drainage, and sneezing
every spring when the pollen count is high.
(1) Explain the immunologic mechanisms that are responsible for her symptoms.
(2) What type(s) of treatment might be used to relieve her symptoms? - ANSWER-(1) Mast cells,
basophils, and eosinophils play an important role with type I reactions because they contain
histamines. Primary response is vasodilation, vascular leakage, and smooth muscle contraction.
Late-phase response is more intense with eosinophils and other acute and chronic
inflammatory cells, as well as tissue damage. (2) Antihistamines.
Which of the following is/are characteristic of normal tissue function, renewal and repair?
Select all that apply. - ANSWER-Hypertrophy
Apoptosis
