Inhoud
THE FIRST TREATIES................................................................................................................................5
Learning objectives.............................................................................................................................5
Victor Hugo 1849................................................................................................................................5
Pioneers – some of the architects of the European project: the architects of the European project.5
Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” Speech (1946) in Missouri..........................................................................6
Early forms of cooperation.................................................................................................................6
Schuman Declaration – 9 May 1950...................................................................................................7
The first Treaties.................................................................................................................................7
............................................................................................................................................................7
European Communities......................................................................................................................7
Institutions..........................................................................................................................................8
DEVELOPMENTS UP TO THE SINGLE EUROPEAN ACT (SEA)....................................................................8
Learning objectives.............................................................................................................................8
Historical Development......................................................................................................................8
Common market.................................................................................................................................8
Luxembourg Compromise..................................................................................................................9
Growth of role European Parliament..................................................................................................9
Single European Act (SEA, 1986).........................................................................................................9
The Maastricht and Amsterdam Treaties.............................................................................................10
learning objectives............................................................................................................................10
Treaty of Maastricht, 1992...............................................................................................................11
Treaty of Amsterdam (ToA), 1997....................................................................................................12
The Treaty of Nice and the convention on the future of Europe..........................................................12
Treaty of Nice, 2000.........................................................................................................................12
Main Changes ToN........................................................................................................................13
..........................................................................................................................................................13
Charter of fundamental rights..........................................................................................................13
Convention on the future of Europe.................................................................................................13
The Treaty of Lisbon.............................................................................................................................13
Objectives and legal principles.........................................................................................................13
efficiency and clarity.........................................................................................................................13
Enhanced democracy.......................................................................................................................14
better protection of fundamental rights...........................................................................................14
, New institutional set-up...................................................................................................................14
Enlargement and Contraction...............................................................................................................14
Enlargement.....................................................................................................................................14
Accession procedure........................................................................................................................15
Power sharing in the EU.......................................................................................................................15
Vertical division of competences (vertical division of power)..........................................................15
Is the EU competent to act?.................................................................................................................15
Principle of Conferral of Competences.............................................................................................15
How is power shared within EU?......................................................................................................16
Division of competences...................................................................................................................16
Areas of Competence.......................................................................................................................17
Principles of subsidiarity and proportionality...................................................................................18
Shared competence: when should the EU act?................................................................................18
Principles of subsidiarity...............................................................................................................18
Principle of proportionality...........................................................................................................18
Application of principle of subsidiarity and proportionality.........................................................19
Ex ante..............................................................................................................................................19
early warning system....................................................................................................................19
Justification in Preamble...............................................................................................................19
Annulment/invalidity....................................................................................................................20
sample questions (exam)..............................................................................................................20
European Union institutions and bodies (horizontal division of power)...............................................20
European Parliament........................................................................................................................20
Composition of EP........................................................................................................................20
Gradual increase in powers..........................................................................................................21
Powers of EP.................................................................................................................................21
Key Powers...................................................................................................................................21
The European Council.......................................................................................................................21
History of the European Council...................................................................................................22
Powers of the European Council...................................................................................................22
Organisation.................................................................................................................................22
Some landmark summits of the European Council.......................................................................22
The Council of the European Union..................................................................................................23
Composition.................................................................................................................................23
Powers of Council.........................................................................................................................23
Presidency of the Council............................................................................................................24
, Decision making (art. 238 TFEU)...................................................................................................25
The Commission...............................................................................................................................25
History of the Commission...............................................................................................................25
Commission..................................................................................................................................25
powers of the commission............................................................................................................26
The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)..........................................................................26
Court of Justice.............................................................................................................................27
Mission statement CJEU...............................................................................................................27
Powers of CJEU.............................................................................................................................27
Teleological method of interpretation..........................................................................................28
The European Central Bank (ECB).....................................................................................................28
Organisation.................................................................................................................................28
Protocol No 4................................................................................................................................29
Objectives and tasks.....................................................................................................................29
The Euro – a single currency for Europeans..................................................................................29
The European Central Bank: managing the euro..........................................................................29
The Court of Auditors.......................................................................................................................29
European Union bodies....................................................................................................................30
EESC..............................................................................................................................................30
Committee of the Regions............................................................................................................30
European investment Bank (EIB)..................................................................................................30
internal structure and balance in the EU..........................................................................................31
Balance of interests – Horizontal division of powers....................................................................31
Democracy....................................................................................................................................31
Hierarchy of EU law..............................................................................................................................33
Consolidated Treaties...........................................................................................................................33
Amendment procedures...................................................................................................................33
ordinary revision procedure.........................................................................................................34
Accession Procedure (art. 49 TEU)....................................................................................................34
Voluntary withdrawal (art. 50 TEU)..................................................................................................34
Secondary Union Law (Legal acts)........................................................................................................34
Legislative triangle............................................................................................................................35
other actors in legislative process....................................................................................................36
legal base..........................................................................................................................................36
legislative procedures.......................................................................................................................36
Ordinary legislative procedures (OLP)..............................................................................................36
, special legislative procedures..........................................................................................................36
voting procedures.............................................................................................................................37
two types of legal acts......................................................................................................................37
example questions............................................................................................................................37
Revision Chapter 4............................................................................................................................37
Supremacy of EU law............................................................................................................................38
Original position of MS.....................................................................................................................38
Court of Justice approach.............................................................................................................38
Direct effect of various sources of Union law...............................................................................41
State liability for damages (the Francovich principle)...........................................................................45
Directives..........................................................................................................................................45
General breaches (not only Directives!)...........................................................................................46
a “sufficiently serious” breach..........................................................................................................46
National Courts and Preliminary rulings...............................................................................................48
Decentralised enforcement..............................................................................................................48
Preliminary rulings............................................................................................................................49
procedure art. 267 TFEU...............................................................................................................49
Importance of Art 267 TFEU.........................................................................................................50
Enforcement actions against MS..........................................................................................................50
institutional vigilance, art. 258 TFEU................................................................................................52
Peer-to-peer vigilance, art. 259 TFEU...............................................................................................52
Compliance, art. 260 TFEU................................................................................................................52
Effectiveness of Infringement Procedures........................................................................................52
Actions against EU institutions.............................................................................................................53
Action to annul, art. 263-264 TFEU...................................................................................................53
applicants.....................................................................................................................................53
direct and individual concern of non-privileged applicants..........................................................53
Action to annul a regulatory act, art 263 (4) TFEU............................................................................54
actions for failure to act, art 265-266 TFEU......................................................................................54
actions for damages, art 340 TFEU...................................................................................................55
THE FIRST TREATIES................................................................................................................................5
Learning objectives.............................................................................................................................5
Victor Hugo 1849................................................................................................................................5
Pioneers – some of the architects of the European project: the architects of the European project.5
Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” Speech (1946) in Missouri..........................................................................6
Early forms of cooperation.................................................................................................................6
Schuman Declaration – 9 May 1950...................................................................................................7
The first Treaties.................................................................................................................................7
............................................................................................................................................................7
European Communities......................................................................................................................7
Institutions..........................................................................................................................................8
DEVELOPMENTS UP TO THE SINGLE EUROPEAN ACT (SEA)....................................................................8
Learning objectives.............................................................................................................................8
Historical Development......................................................................................................................8
Common market.................................................................................................................................8
Luxembourg Compromise..................................................................................................................9
Growth of role European Parliament..................................................................................................9
Single European Act (SEA, 1986).........................................................................................................9
The Maastricht and Amsterdam Treaties.............................................................................................10
learning objectives............................................................................................................................10
Treaty of Maastricht, 1992...............................................................................................................11
Treaty of Amsterdam (ToA), 1997....................................................................................................12
The Treaty of Nice and the convention on the future of Europe..........................................................12
Treaty of Nice, 2000.........................................................................................................................12
Main Changes ToN........................................................................................................................13
..........................................................................................................................................................13
Charter of fundamental rights..........................................................................................................13
Convention on the future of Europe.................................................................................................13
The Treaty of Lisbon.............................................................................................................................13
Objectives and legal principles.........................................................................................................13
efficiency and clarity.........................................................................................................................13
Enhanced democracy.......................................................................................................................14
better protection of fundamental rights...........................................................................................14
, New institutional set-up...................................................................................................................14
Enlargement and Contraction...............................................................................................................14
Enlargement.....................................................................................................................................14
Accession procedure........................................................................................................................15
Power sharing in the EU.......................................................................................................................15
Vertical division of competences (vertical division of power)..........................................................15
Is the EU competent to act?.................................................................................................................15
Principle of Conferral of Competences.............................................................................................15
How is power shared within EU?......................................................................................................16
Division of competences...................................................................................................................16
Areas of Competence.......................................................................................................................17
Principles of subsidiarity and proportionality...................................................................................18
Shared competence: when should the EU act?................................................................................18
Principles of subsidiarity...............................................................................................................18
Principle of proportionality...........................................................................................................18
Application of principle of subsidiarity and proportionality.........................................................19
Ex ante..............................................................................................................................................19
early warning system....................................................................................................................19
Justification in Preamble...............................................................................................................19
Annulment/invalidity....................................................................................................................20
sample questions (exam)..............................................................................................................20
European Union institutions and bodies (horizontal division of power)...............................................20
European Parliament........................................................................................................................20
Composition of EP........................................................................................................................20
Gradual increase in powers..........................................................................................................21
Powers of EP.................................................................................................................................21
Key Powers...................................................................................................................................21
The European Council.......................................................................................................................21
History of the European Council...................................................................................................22
Powers of the European Council...................................................................................................22
Organisation.................................................................................................................................22
Some landmark summits of the European Council.......................................................................22
The Council of the European Union..................................................................................................23
Composition.................................................................................................................................23
Powers of Council.........................................................................................................................23
Presidency of the Council............................................................................................................24
, Decision making (art. 238 TFEU)...................................................................................................25
The Commission...............................................................................................................................25
History of the Commission...............................................................................................................25
Commission..................................................................................................................................25
powers of the commission............................................................................................................26
The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)..........................................................................26
Court of Justice.............................................................................................................................27
Mission statement CJEU...............................................................................................................27
Powers of CJEU.............................................................................................................................27
Teleological method of interpretation..........................................................................................28
The European Central Bank (ECB).....................................................................................................28
Organisation.................................................................................................................................28
Protocol No 4................................................................................................................................29
Objectives and tasks.....................................................................................................................29
The Euro – a single currency for Europeans..................................................................................29
The European Central Bank: managing the euro..........................................................................29
The Court of Auditors.......................................................................................................................29
European Union bodies....................................................................................................................30
EESC..............................................................................................................................................30
Committee of the Regions............................................................................................................30
European investment Bank (EIB)..................................................................................................30
internal structure and balance in the EU..........................................................................................31
Balance of interests – Horizontal division of powers....................................................................31
Democracy....................................................................................................................................31
Hierarchy of EU law..............................................................................................................................33
Consolidated Treaties...........................................................................................................................33
Amendment procedures...................................................................................................................33
ordinary revision procedure.........................................................................................................34
Accession Procedure (art. 49 TEU)....................................................................................................34
Voluntary withdrawal (art. 50 TEU)..................................................................................................34
Secondary Union Law (Legal acts)........................................................................................................34
Legislative triangle............................................................................................................................35
other actors in legislative process....................................................................................................36
legal base..........................................................................................................................................36
legislative procedures.......................................................................................................................36
Ordinary legislative procedures (OLP)..............................................................................................36
, special legislative procedures..........................................................................................................36
voting procedures.............................................................................................................................37
two types of legal acts......................................................................................................................37
example questions............................................................................................................................37
Revision Chapter 4............................................................................................................................37
Supremacy of EU law............................................................................................................................38
Original position of MS.....................................................................................................................38
Court of Justice approach.............................................................................................................38
Direct effect of various sources of Union law...............................................................................41
State liability for damages (the Francovich principle)...........................................................................45
Directives..........................................................................................................................................45
General breaches (not only Directives!)...........................................................................................46
a “sufficiently serious” breach..........................................................................................................46
National Courts and Preliminary rulings...............................................................................................48
Decentralised enforcement..............................................................................................................48
Preliminary rulings............................................................................................................................49
procedure art. 267 TFEU...............................................................................................................49
Importance of Art 267 TFEU.........................................................................................................50
Enforcement actions against MS..........................................................................................................50
institutional vigilance, art. 258 TFEU................................................................................................52
Peer-to-peer vigilance, art. 259 TFEU...............................................................................................52
Compliance, art. 260 TFEU................................................................................................................52
Effectiveness of Infringement Procedures........................................................................................52
Actions against EU institutions.............................................................................................................53
Action to annul, art. 263-264 TFEU...................................................................................................53
applicants.....................................................................................................................................53
direct and individual concern of non-privileged applicants..........................................................53
Action to annul a regulatory act, art 263 (4) TFEU............................................................................54
actions for failure to act, art 265-266 TFEU......................................................................................54
actions for damages, art 340 TFEU...................................................................................................55
