NUR 606 Exam 1 2025

What is the definition of Health as set forth by the WHO in 1948? - -Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity. Etiology - -the cause of a disease or abnormal condition Pathogenesis - -development of disease; how does it evolve Morphology - -Refers to shape, change in cells or tissue Manifestations - -signs and symptoms of disease; appearance of the illness Signs and Symptoms - -Signs: Objective (Temperature taken by thermometer) Symptoms: Subjective ("I feel hot") Syndrome - -A compilation of signs and symptoms that are characteristic of a specific disease state. Physiology - -The study of body function Pathophysiology - -the study of how disease processes affect the function of the body Signs and symptoms may be related to _________ - -The primary disorder or they represent the body's attempt to compensate for the altered FN caused by the pathologic condition. True or False: Many pathogenic states are not observed directly. - -True True or False: You may not be able to a patient hemorrhaging, but you can see that the patient's body is trying compensate for blood loss by being tachycardic - -True Clinical Course - -Describes evolution of disease -acute, subacute, chronic Acute Disease - -symptoms develop rapidly but the disease lasts only a short time Subacute Disease - -symptoms between acute and chronic, not as severe as an acute disease and not as prolonged as a chronic disease Chronic Disease - -an ongoing condition or illness, typically not severe 5 Etiologic Factors and Examples - -1. Biologic Agents NUR 606 NUR 606 - Hep C 2. Physical Forces - Car accidents 3. Chemical Agents - Poison 4. Nutritional excesses or deficits - Increased fat in diet 5. Genetic Inheritance - Sickle Cell Diagnosis - -designation as to the nature or cause of a health problem Reliability - -the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting Validity - -The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to Sensitivity and Specificity - -how well the test or observation identifies people with or without a disease Predictive Value - -extent to which a test can differentiate between presence or absence of a person's condition disease case - -can be either an existing case or the number of new episodes of a particular illness Incidence - -number of new cases Prevalence - -A measure of existing disease in a population at a given point in time Epidemiology - -Study of disease occurrence in the human population Morbidity - -describes the effects an illness has on a person's life Mortality - -Pertains to the cause of death in a given population What does natural history refer to? - -Refers to progression and projection without medical intervention 3 Levels of Disease Prevention - -1. Primary Prevention: removing risk factors, so disease does not occur - Immunizations 2. Secondary Prevention: detecting disease when still curable - Pap smears NUR 606 NUR 606 3. Tertiary Prevention: preventing further deterioration or reducing complications of disease - Antibiotic Use Evidence-based practice - -clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences Clinical Practice Guidelines - -Recommendations based on evidence that serve as useful tools to direct clinical practice 3 Types of Studies to determine risk factors - -1. Cross-Sectional Studies 2. Case-control studies 3. Cohort studies Cross-sectional Studies - -Simultaneous collection of information to classify exposure and outcome status - Compare prevalence of CAD in smokers v non-smokers Case-control Studies - -Compare case subjects to control subjects -Designed to compare people w outcome of interest Cohort Studies - -Record exposures throughout time and then assess the rate of a certain outcome - Follows this group over a long course of time True or False: Epidemiologists use a number of different factors to describe the steps of a disease - -False, epidemiologists don't describe anything Which of the following best describes the term etiology? a. The study of disease progression b. The study of disease cause c. The study of disease populations d. The study of disease resolution - -B. The study of disease causes The mechanism of high blood pressure is an example of _____ A. Physiology B. Pathology C. Pathophysiology - -C. Pathophysiology All of the following are true EXCEPT A. Clinical practice guidelines are systematically developed statements intended to inform practitioners and people in making decisions about health care for specific clinical circumstances NUR 606 NUR 606 B. Evidence-based practice refers to making decisions in healthcare based on scientific data that has shown a specific way of managing a disease, patient symptoms and complaints C. The natural history of a disease refers to the projected outcome of a disease after medical intervention has occurred D. Etiology is the study of disease causes - -C. The natural history of a disease refers to the projected outcome of a disease after medical intervention has occurred Pap smears is an example of _________ prevention. A. Primary B. Secondary C. Tertiary D. None of the above - -B. Secondary Atrophy - -Decrease in cell size Happens: -When cell work demands are low -When cells in unfavorable environment Hypertrophy - -increase in cell size -Seen in cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue - Because the cells can't adapt to increase workload, through mitotic division, cells get bigger 1. Physiologic: results from normal physiologic conditions (Lifting weights) 2. Pathologic: Abnormal pathologic conditions....think CHF -- Cardiac hypertrophy Hyperplasia - -increase in number of cells -In tissues with cells that do mitosis -- epidermis, intestinal, epithelium Metaplasia - -Replacement of adult cells -Reversible change. Reprogramming of undifferentiated stem cells present in tissue -Chronic Irritation Dysplasia - -DERANGED cell growth of a specific tissue that results in cells that vary in size, shape, and organization - Related to cancer Which of the following best describes the cellular adaptation seen in chronic cigarette smokers? A. Atrophy B. Hypertrophy C. Hyperplasia D. Metaplasia E. Dysplasia - -D. Metaplasia NUR 606 NUR 606 Why do cellular adaptions occur? - -It occurs to allow cell to survive and maintain some degree of function. Cells adapt to changes in the internal environment. What are intercellular accumulations? - -They are a build up of substances that cannot be immediately used or eliminated. True or False: Dystrophic calcification can result from prolonged ischemia. - -True. Ischemia stresses the tissue, it dies, and calcium precipitates out of solution Three sources of Intracellular Accumulations - -1. Normal Body Su