NUR 606 EXAM 2 2025

Ann Arbor Staging System - -the staging system for lymphomas, both in Hodgkin's lymphoma (previously called Hodgkin's disease) and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma What does lymphatic system consist of? - -Lymphatic vessels, lymphoid tissue including palantine and phalaryngeal tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen, and the thymus gland Where are palantine lymph nodes? - - Castleman disease - -Rare illness involving the overgrowth of lymphoid tissue. Proliferation of lymphatic cells (giant lymph node hyperplasia) How do lymphatic vessels differ from veins? - -Thinner walls, more valves, and nodes at certain intervals What do thinner walls of lymphatic vessels allow for? - -An increased degree of permeability allowing larger molecules and some particulate matter to be removed from the interstitial spaces. What is only way that proteins which accumulate in interstitial fluid can be returned to blood system? - -Lymphatic vessels Fascia - -a band or sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscle filaria - -Lymphatic Helminthic Disease Transmitted by biting insects; causes elephantitis Lacteals - -specialized lymph vessels in the vili of the small intestine that absorb fat and other nutrients into the bloodstream Hydrocele - -a fluid-filled sac in the scrotum along the spermatic cord leading from the testicles Lymph - -a colorless fluid containing white blood cells, that bathes the tissues and drains through the lymphatic system into the bloodstream. Where do lymphatic ducts empty? - -Junction of left and right internal jugulars and left and right subclavian veins SPleen functions - -RBC and platelet destruction, hematopoesis (secretes EPO), and defense. NUR 606 NUR 606 Largest organ in lymphatic system? - -spleen lymphedema - -swelling due to an abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid within the tissues lymphoma - -malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissue myeloma - -tumor of the bone marrow Reed-Sternberg Cell - -Hodgkin's lymphoma Spleen - -An organ that is part of the lymphatic system; it produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. Thymus gland - -a lymphoid organ situated in the neck of vertebrates that produces T cells for the immune system. The human thymus becomes much smaller at the approach of puberty. Tonsils - -Paired masses of lymphatic tissue near the back of the throat that help trap inhaled or swallowed pathogens. Leukemia - -Malignant neoplasm of the blood-forming organs; characterized by an abnormal over production of immature forms of any of the leukocytes; interference with normal blood production that results in decreased number of RBCs and platelets Symptoms of Leukemia - -Lymphadenopathy Splenomegaly Hepatomegaly Lymphadenopathy - -A chronic, abnormal enlargement of the lymph nodes, usually associated with disease Prognosis of leukemia - -Variable Death usually from a complication infection or hemorrhage Acute (rapid and severe) prognosis worse than chronic Treatment of leukemia - -Chemotherapy Bone marrow transplant Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia - -Cells affected: Lymphocytes (B-cell) Acute myelogenous leukemia - -Cells affected: Granulocytes Acute monocytic leukemia - -Cells affected: Monocytes Chronic lymphocytic leukemia - -Cells affected: B lymphocytes NUR 606 NUR 606 Chronic myelogenous leukemia - -Cells affected: Granulocytes Hairy cell leukemia - -Cells affected: B lymphocytes Acute Lymphatic Leukemia - -Supress bone marrow Common in young children S&S non-specific eg failure to thrive, weight loss, anemia, bone pain, pallor, anemia, swollen lymph nodes. Lymphatic Disorders - -Lymphomas : Hodgkins Lymphoma Non-hodgkin's Lymphoma Multiple Myeloma or Plasma Cell Myeloma Hodgkins Lymphoma - -Reed-Sternberg Cells - red flag a cancer of the beta lymphocytes(B cells). higher incidence among young adults(20-40 years) or older adults(more than 60 years) males and whites. Epstein-Barr virus connection Single node involvement - organized pattern Hodgkins Lymphoma treatment - -Radiation, chemotherapy (Sequelae - damage to heart and lungs) surgery 65-95% survival rate Typical Spread of Hodgkins Lymphoma Page 218 - - Non-hodgkin's lymphoma - -uncontrolled multiplication and metastasis of undifferentiated lymphocytes. More widespread. Multiple node involvement - disorganized pattern Prognosis poor - 69% for 5 year period Multiple myeloma or Plasma cell Myeloma - -Neoplastic disease involving older adults (plasma cells) Cancer of B-cell plasma cells Ig level has one of the charts Median survival is 3 years. Symptoms of Multiple Myeloma (plasma cell myeloma) - -Bone marrow congestion Multiple tumors Hypercalcemia frequent infections kidney failure Pathologic fractures NUR 606 Treatments for Multiple Myeloma (plasma cell myeloma) - -Chemotherapy Bone marrow transplant Blood transfusions (late stage) anabolic steroids - -A synthetic variant of the male hormone testosterone that mimics some of its effects. ankylosis - -abnormal condition of stiffness Arthroscopy - -the visual examination of the internal structure of a joint Articulation - -joint Crepitus - -a crackling or grating sound usually of bones Diaphysis - -shaft of a long bone Electromyography - -a diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation Endosteum - -membranous lining of the hollow cavity of