Biob51 Term Verified Multiple Choice and Conceptual
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study of processes that change allele
What is population genetics?
and genotype frequencies in populations
group of individuals of same species liv-
What is a population? ing in same area --> interbreed, produc-
ing fertile offspring
1. Mutation modifies allele frequencies
by continually introducing new alleles
2. Genetic drift causes allele frequencies
to change randomly
3. Gene flow individuals leave one popu-
What are the 4 agents of evolution? lation, join another and breed
4. Natural Selection increases frequency
of alleles that contribute to reproductive
success in a particular environment -->
only natural selection produces adapta-
tion
In the absence of drift, selection, migra-
tion and mutation, the allele frequencies
What is the Hardy-Weinberg theorem? of a population (at the genetic locus) will
not change from one generation to the
next.
When alleles transmitted via meiosis and
random combination of gametes, allele
frequencies do not change. Allele fre-
What is the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium? quencies for the next generation: freq A
is still p and freq a is still q. If frequencies
conform to predictions, the frequencies
are in Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium
It provides mathematical proof that evo-
lution will not occur in the absence of
selection, drift, migration or mutation.
By explicitly delineating the conditions
Why is the HW theorem important for
under which allele frequencies do not
understanding evolutionary change?
change, the theorem serves as a use-
ful null hypothesis for studying the ways
that allele frequencies do change. By
studying how populations deviate from
, Biob51 Term Verified Multiple Choice and Conceptual
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HW equilibrium, we can learn about the
mechanisms of evolution
gene pool - all parents in population - all
What is the gene pool?
possible gametes in gene pool
Allele frequencies for the next genera-
tion:
How is the HW theorem based on the freq A is still p
gene pool concept? freq a is still q
The allele frequencies have not changed
from generation to the next
Organisms are diploid
No overlapping generations
No mutations
Population is infinitely large - no random
allele frequency changes
No gene flow - no new alleles added by
immigration or lost by emigration
What are the assumptions of HWE and No natural selection - all members of
importance the parental population generation con-
tribute equal numbers of gametes to
gene pool ( no difference in survival or
reproduction)
Mating is random with respect to geno-
types - gametes from gene pol combine
at random (all genotype combinations
equally likely)
Natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow
and mutation can cause allele frequen-
cies to change over time, the HW prin-
ciple allows us to ask if one (or more)
How does the HW theorem represent a
of these are occurring --> acts as a null
testable null hypothesis?
hypothesis.
Null hypothesis: specifies what should be
seen if the hypothesis being tested is not
correct
There are only 2 alleles for this gene,
What is p+q=1
so allele A(p) and a(q) must equal 1 -->
, Biob51 Term Verified Multiple Choice and Conceptual
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allele frequencies must equal 1
Parental allele frequencies
Offspring genotype frequencies --> since
What is meant by p^2+2pq+q^2=1 and all individuals in new generation have
know how to use this formula one of the 3 genotypes, sum must equal
1
a ratio that expresses how many times a
What is a phenotype frequency? particular trait appears in a population in
a single generation
number of individuals with a given geno-
What is a genotype frequency?
type/total number of individuals
How can we determine if a population To compare observed vs expected, is
is evolving from one generation to the there is a difference then the population
next? is evolving
Small populations experience strong
What is the impact of genetic drift? drift. Allele frequencies randomly "drift"
away from their starting value
1000 beads, 50% red 50% white. If you
pick two beads you most likely will get
Describe how genetic drift is akin to sam-
100% red. 0% white but if you pick up 200
pling error?
you will most likely pick up closer to the
50% 50% probability.
What was Buri's experiment (eye
6.4 chapter
colour)?
Catastrophic reduction in population
then rebound. The relative frequencies of
the remaining alleles can shift dramati-
cally. The probability of an allele being
lost during each generation of a bottle-
What is a bottleneck? (review the ele-
neck is a function of both the severi-
phant seals)
ty of the bottleneck (how small the pop
size becomes) and the frequency of the
allele. The rarer an allele is before the
bottleneck, the less likely it is to make it
through. Once a pop returns to its former
Actual Exam Questions With Reviewed 100% Correct Detailed Answers
Guaranteed Pass!!Current Update
study of processes that change allele
What is population genetics?
and genotype frequencies in populations
group of individuals of same species liv-
What is a population? ing in same area --> interbreed, produc-
ing fertile offspring
1. Mutation modifies allele frequencies
by continually introducing new alleles
2. Genetic drift causes allele frequencies
to change randomly
3. Gene flow individuals leave one popu-
What are the 4 agents of evolution? lation, join another and breed
4. Natural Selection increases frequency
of alleles that contribute to reproductive
success in a particular environment -->
only natural selection produces adapta-
tion
In the absence of drift, selection, migra-
tion and mutation, the allele frequencies
What is the Hardy-Weinberg theorem? of a population (at the genetic locus) will
not change from one generation to the
next.
When alleles transmitted via meiosis and
random combination of gametes, allele
frequencies do not change. Allele fre-
What is the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium? quencies for the next generation: freq A
is still p and freq a is still q. If frequencies
conform to predictions, the frequencies
are in Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium
It provides mathematical proof that evo-
lution will not occur in the absence of
selection, drift, migration or mutation.
By explicitly delineating the conditions
Why is the HW theorem important for
under which allele frequencies do not
understanding evolutionary change?
change, the theorem serves as a use-
ful null hypothesis for studying the ways
that allele frequencies do change. By
studying how populations deviate from
, Biob51 Term Verified Multiple Choice and Conceptual
Actual Exam Questions With Reviewed 100% Correct Detailed Answers
Guaranteed Pass!!Current Update
HW equilibrium, we can learn about the
mechanisms of evolution
gene pool - all parents in population - all
What is the gene pool?
possible gametes in gene pool
Allele frequencies for the next genera-
tion:
How is the HW theorem based on the freq A is still p
gene pool concept? freq a is still q
The allele frequencies have not changed
from generation to the next
Organisms are diploid
No overlapping generations
No mutations
Population is infinitely large - no random
allele frequency changes
No gene flow - no new alleles added by
immigration or lost by emigration
What are the assumptions of HWE and No natural selection - all members of
importance the parental population generation con-
tribute equal numbers of gametes to
gene pool ( no difference in survival or
reproduction)
Mating is random with respect to geno-
types - gametes from gene pol combine
at random (all genotype combinations
equally likely)
Natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow
and mutation can cause allele frequen-
cies to change over time, the HW prin-
ciple allows us to ask if one (or more)
How does the HW theorem represent a
of these are occurring --> acts as a null
testable null hypothesis?
hypothesis.
Null hypothesis: specifies what should be
seen if the hypothesis being tested is not
correct
There are only 2 alleles for this gene,
What is p+q=1
so allele A(p) and a(q) must equal 1 -->
, Biob51 Term Verified Multiple Choice and Conceptual
Actual Exam Questions With Reviewed 100% Correct Detailed Answers
Guaranteed Pass!!Current Update
allele frequencies must equal 1
Parental allele frequencies
Offspring genotype frequencies --> since
What is meant by p^2+2pq+q^2=1 and all individuals in new generation have
know how to use this formula one of the 3 genotypes, sum must equal
1
a ratio that expresses how many times a
What is a phenotype frequency? particular trait appears in a population in
a single generation
number of individuals with a given geno-
What is a genotype frequency?
type/total number of individuals
How can we determine if a population To compare observed vs expected, is
is evolving from one generation to the there is a difference then the population
next? is evolving
Small populations experience strong
What is the impact of genetic drift? drift. Allele frequencies randomly "drift"
away from their starting value
1000 beads, 50% red 50% white. If you
pick two beads you most likely will get
Describe how genetic drift is akin to sam-
100% red. 0% white but if you pick up 200
pling error?
you will most likely pick up closer to the
50% 50% probability.
What was Buri's experiment (eye
6.4 chapter
colour)?
Catastrophic reduction in population
then rebound. The relative frequencies of
the remaining alleles can shift dramati-
cally. The probability of an allele being
lost during each generation of a bottle-
What is a bottleneck? (review the ele-
neck is a function of both the severi-
phant seals)
ty of the bottleneck (how small the pop
size becomes) and the frequency of the
allele. The rarer an allele is before the
bottleneck, the less likely it is to make it
through. Once a pop returns to its former
