,Table of Content k1 k1
Chapter 01: Cellular Biology ...................................................................................................................................... 4
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Chapter 02: Genes and Genetic Diseases ................................................................................................................. 13
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Chapter 03: Epigenetics and Disease........................................................................................................................ 23
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U SN T O .................................................................................................................................................................... 23
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Chapter 04: Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology .................................................................................................... 27
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Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 6th Edition ....................................................................... 39
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Chapter 06: Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathoph
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ysiology, 6th Edition ................................................................................................................................................. 48
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Chapter 07: Adaptive Immunity ............................................................................................................................... 60
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Chapter 08: Infection and Defects in Mechanisms of Defense Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysio
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logy, 6th Edition ........................................................................................................................................................ 66
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SINGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................... 74
Chapter 09: Stress and Disease ................................................................................................................................ 76
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Chapter 10: Biology, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment of Cancer Huether & McCance: Understanding Pa
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thophysiology, 6th Edition ........................................................................................................................................ 81
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Chapter 11: Cancer Epidemiology ............................................................................................................................ 87
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Chapter 12: Cancer in Children ................................................................................................................................ 91
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Chapter 13: Structure and Function of theNeurologic System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiol
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ogy, 6th Edition ........................................................................................................................................................ 94
k1 k1
Chapter 14: Pain, Temperature, Sleep, and Sensory Function Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiol
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
ogy, 6th Edition ....................................................................................................................................................... 105
k1 k1
Chapter 15: Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function .......................... 116
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Chapter 16: Disorders of theCentral and Peripheral Nervous Systems and theNeuromuscular Junction............. 126
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Chapter 17: Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolo
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gy, 6th Edition......................................................................................................................................................... 138
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Chapter 18: Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation ................................................................................................ 147
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Chapter 19: Alterations of Hormonal Regulation................................................................................................... 156
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Chapter 20: Structure and Function of the Hematologic System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophys
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
iology, 6th Edition ................................................................................................................................................... 169
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Chapter 21: Alterations of Hematologic Function ................................................................................................. 176
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INGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................... 177
Chapter 22: Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysio
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logy, 6th Edition ..................................................................................................................................................... 192
k1 k1
Chapter 23: Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems Huether & McCance: Under
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
standing Pathophysiology, 6th Edition.................................................................................................................... 200
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Chapter 24: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function .............................................................................................. 210
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U SN T O .................................................................................................................................................................. 210
k1 k1
SINGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................. 223
U SN T O .................................................................................................................................................................. 226
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U SN T O .................................................................................................................................................................. 228
k1 k1
Chapter 25: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophys
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iology, 6th Edition ................................................................................................................................................... 229
k1 k1
SNT
k1 k1 k 1 k 1 O .................................................................................................................................................................... 232
Chapter 26: Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysio
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logy, 6th Edition ...................................................................................................................................................... 236
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Chapter 27: Alterations of Pulmonary Function .................................................................................................... 245
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, Chapter 28: Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolo
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gy, 6th Edition......................................................................................................................................................... 257
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Chapter 29: Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems Huether & McCance: Understanding P
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
athophysiology, 6th Edition .................................................................................................................................... 265
k1 k1
Chapter 30: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiol
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
ogy, 6th Edition ...................................................................................................................................................... 273
k1 k1
Chapter 31: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
Pathophysiology, 6th Edition.................................................................................................................................. 280
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Chapter 32: Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathoph
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ysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................... 286
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Chapter 33: Alterations of the Female Reproductive System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolo
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
gy, 6th Edition......................................................................................................................................................... 295
k1 k1
Chapter 34: Alterations of the Male Reproductive System ................................................................................... 300
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Chapter 35: Structure and Function of the Digestive System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolo
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
gy, 6th Edition......................................................................................................................................................... 305
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Chapter 36: Alterations of Digestive Function ....................................................................................................... 312
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Chapter 37: Alterations of Digestive Function in Children ................................................................................... 325
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Chapter 38: Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathop
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hysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................. 334
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U SN T O .................................................................................................................................................................. 337
k1 k1
Chapter 39: Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function ............................................................................................ 342
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Chapter 40: Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathoph
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ysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................... 352
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U SN T O .................................................................................................................................................................. 354
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Chapter 41: Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathoph
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ysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................... 357
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Chapter 42: Alterations of the Integument in Children ......................................................................................... 366
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, Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
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Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 2end Edition
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
MULTIPLE CHOICE k1
1. A student is observing a cell under the microscope. It is observed to have supercoiled D
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
NA with histones. Which of the following would also be observed by the student?
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
a. A single circular chromosome
k1 k1 k1
b. A nucleus k1
c. Free-floating nuclear material k1 k1
d. No organelles k1
ANS: B k 1
The cell described is a eukaryotic cell, so it has histones and a supercoiled DNA within its
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
nucleus; thus, the nucleus should be observed. A single circular chromosome called a prok
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
aryote contains free-floating nuclear material but has no organelles.
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
REF: p. 2 k1 k1
2. A nurse is instructing the staff about cellular functions. Which cellular function is the nur
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
se describing when an isolated cell absorbs oxygen and uses it to transform nutrients to en
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
ergy?
a. Metabolic absorption k1
b. Communication
c. Secretion
d. Respiration
ANS: D k1
The cell’s ability to absorb oxygen is referred to as respiration while its communication ability in
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
volves maintenance of a steady dynamic state, metabolic absorption provides nutrition, and secre
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
tion allows for the synthesizing of new substances.
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
REF: p. 2 k1 k1
3. A eukaryotic cell is undergoing DNA replication. In which region of the cell would most
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k
of the genetic information be contained?
1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. Nucleus Cytoplasm k1
ANS: C k1
The region of the cell that contains genetic material, including a large amount of ribonuclei
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
c acid, most of the DNA, and DNA-
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
binding proteins, is the nucleolus, which is located within the cell’s nucleus. Mitochondria
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
is associated with cellular respiration, while ribosomes are involved with protein manufact
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
uring. Cytoplasm is a fluid filling that is a component of the cell.
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
REF: p. 2 k1 k1
Chapter 01: Cellular Biology ...................................................................................................................................... 4
k1 k1 k1
Chapter 02: Genes and Genetic Diseases ................................................................................................................. 13
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Chapter 03: Epigenetics and Disease........................................................................................................................ 23
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U SN T O .................................................................................................................................................................... 23
k1 k1
Chapter 04: Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology .................................................................................................... 27
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Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 6th Edition ....................................................................... 39
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Chapter 06: Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathoph
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
ysiology, 6th Edition ................................................................................................................................................. 48
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Chapter 07: Adaptive Immunity ............................................................................................................................... 60
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Chapter 08: Infection and Defects in Mechanisms of Defense Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysio
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
logy, 6th Edition ........................................................................................................................................................ 66
k1 k1
SINGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................... 74
Chapter 09: Stress and Disease ................................................................................................................................ 76
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Chapter 10: Biology, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment of Cancer Huether & McCance: Understanding Pa
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
thophysiology, 6th Edition ........................................................................................................................................ 81
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Chapter 11: Cancer Epidemiology ............................................................................................................................ 87
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Chapter 12: Cancer in Children ................................................................................................................................ 91
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Chapter 13: Structure and Function of theNeurologic System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiol
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
ogy, 6th Edition ........................................................................................................................................................ 94
k1 k1
Chapter 14: Pain, Temperature, Sleep, and Sensory Function Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiol
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
ogy, 6th Edition ....................................................................................................................................................... 105
k1 k1
Chapter 15: Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function .......................... 116
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
Chapter 16: Disorders of theCentral and Peripheral Nervous Systems and theNeuromuscular Junction............. 126
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
Chapter 17: Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolo
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
gy, 6th Edition......................................................................................................................................................... 138
k1 k1
Chapter 18: Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation ................................................................................................ 147
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
Chapter 19: Alterations of Hormonal Regulation................................................................................................... 156
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
Chapter 20: Structure and Function of the Hematologic System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophys
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
iology, 6th Edition ................................................................................................................................................... 169
k1 k1
Chapter 21: Alterations of Hematologic Function ................................................................................................. 176
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INGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................... 177
Chapter 22: Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysio
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logy, 6th Edition ..................................................................................................................................................... 192
k1 k1
Chapter 23: Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems Huether & McCance: Under
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
standing Pathophysiology, 6th Edition.................................................................................................................... 200
k1 k1 k1
Chapter 24: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function .............................................................................................. 210
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U SN T O .................................................................................................................................................................. 210
k1 k1
SINGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................. 223
U SN T O .................................................................................................................................................................. 226
k1 k1
U SN T O .................................................................................................................................................................. 228
k1 k1
Chapter 25: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophys
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
iology, 6th Edition ................................................................................................................................................... 229
k1 k1
SNT
k1 k1 k 1 k 1 O .................................................................................................................................................................... 232
Chapter 26: Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysio
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
logy, 6th Edition ...................................................................................................................................................... 236
k1 k1
Chapter 27: Alterations of Pulmonary Function .................................................................................................... 245
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, Chapter 28: Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolo
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
gy, 6th Edition......................................................................................................................................................... 257
k1 k1
Chapter 29: Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems Huether & McCance: Understanding P
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
athophysiology, 6th Edition .................................................................................................................................... 265
k1 k1
Chapter 30: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiol
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
ogy, 6th Edition ...................................................................................................................................................... 273
k1 k1
Chapter 31: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
Pathophysiology, 6th Edition.................................................................................................................................. 280
k1 k1
Chapter 32: Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathoph
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
ysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................... 286
k1 k1
Chapter 33: Alterations of the Female Reproductive System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolo
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
gy, 6th Edition......................................................................................................................................................... 295
k1 k1
Chapter 34: Alterations of the Male Reproductive System ................................................................................... 300
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
Chapter 35: Structure and Function of the Digestive System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolo
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
gy, 6th Edition......................................................................................................................................................... 305
k1 k1
Chapter 36: Alterations of Digestive Function ....................................................................................................... 312
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
Chapter 37: Alterations of Digestive Function in Children ................................................................................... 325
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
Chapter 38: Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathop
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
hysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................. 334
k1 k1
U SN T O .................................................................................................................................................................. 337
k1 k1
Chapter 39: Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function ............................................................................................ 342
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
Chapter 40: Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathoph
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
ysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................... 352
k1 k1
U SN T O .................................................................................................................................................................. 354
k1 k1
Chapter 41: Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathoph
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
ysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................... 357
k1 k1
Chapter 42: Alterations of the Integument in Children ......................................................................................... 366
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
, Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
k1 k1 k1
Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 2end Edition
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
MULTIPLE CHOICE k1
1. A student is observing a cell under the microscope. It is observed to have supercoiled D
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
NA with histones. Which of the following would also be observed by the student?
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
a. A single circular chromosome
k1 k1 k1
b. A nucleus k1
c. Free-floating nuclear material k1 k1
d. No organelles k1
ANS: B k 1
The cell described is a eukaryotic cell, so it has histones and a supercoiled DNA within its
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
nucleus; thus, the nucleus should be observed. A single circular chromosome called a prok
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
aryote contains free-floating nuclear material but has no organelles.
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
REF: p. 2 k1 k1
2. A nurse is instructing the staff about cellular functions. Which cellular function is the nur
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
se describing when an isolated cell absorbs oxygen and uses it to transform nutrients to en
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
ergy?
a. Metabolic absorption k1
b. Communication
c. Secretion
d. Respiration
ANS: D k1
The cell’s ability to absorb oxygen is referred to as respiration while its communication ability in
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
volves maintenance of a steady dynamic state, metabolic absorption provides nutrition, and secre
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
tion allows for the synthesizing of new substances.
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
REF: p. 2 k1 k1
3. A eukaryotic cell is undergoing DNA replication. In which region of the cell would most
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k
of the genetic information be contained?
1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. Nucleus Cytoplasm k1
ANS: C k1
The region of the cell that contains genetic material, including a large amount of ribonuclei
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
c acid, most of the DNA, and DNA-
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
binding proteins, is the nucleolus, which is located within the cell’s nucleus. Mitochondria
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
is associated with cellular respiration, while ribosomes are involved with protein manufact
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
uring. Cytoplasm is a fluid filling that is a component of the cell.
k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1 k1
REF: p. 2 k1 k1
