includesabonus track called "Friends", which would later be sampled for"Give It toMe While It's Hot"onTLC's fourth album 3D.N.I.N.A.After numerous talks with Death Row Records CEO Suge
Knight, Lopes severed her solo deal with Arista (despite remaining signed tothelabel asamemberofTLC) and signed with Knight's Death Row RecordsinJanuary 2002, intending torecordasecond solo
album under thepseudonym "N.I.N.A." (New Identity Not Applicable). She had discussions about recording with David Bowie fortheproject,[43] whom she was also trying toget involved with thefourth
TLC album. theproject was also planned toinclude collaborations with Ray J along with close friend Missy Elliott.[44][45] After Lopes' deathinApril 2002, Death Row Records still had plans tocomplete
and release thealbum (unfinished at thetimeofLopes' death[46][47])inOctober 2002, but thealbum was cancelled forunknown reasons. Several tracks from thealbum were leaked online featuring artists
from Tha Row Records. Lopes's unreleased songs were also sampled by TLC fortheir fourth album 3D after she died. Another track, "Too Street 4 T.V" (featuring Danny Boy), was
releasedonthesoundtrack tothe2003 film Dysfunktional Family.2008–2012: Eye LegacyIn 2008, Lopes' family decided towork with producers at Surefire Music Group tocreateaposthumous albuminher
honor, Eye Legacy. Originally set tobe released October 28, 2008, therelease date was pushed back toNovember 11, then toJanuary 27, 2009. thesong 'Neva Will Eye Eva' and "Crank It", both feature
and were co-produced by Lopes' sister Raina "Reigndrop" Lopes. thefirst official single from thealbum, "Let's Just Do It", was releasedonJanuary 13, 2009, and features Missy Elliott and TLC.
thesecond official single, "Block Party", features Lil Mama. thealbum largely consistsofreworked versionsoftracks from theSupernova album.inNovember 2009, Forever... theEP was released which
contained international bonus tracks not usedontheEye Legacy album. theEP was only available todownload.In 2012,ontheeveofthetenth anniversaryofher death, "Fantasies", an unreleased track by
Bootleg featuring Lopes, was uploaded toSoundCloud.[48]Personal lifeLopes was often vocal about her personal life and difficult past. She came from an abusive, alcoholic background and struggled
with alcoholism herself.[9] These issues became headline newsin1994, when she was arrested forsetting fire toAndre Rison's sneakers inabathtub; thefire ultimately spread tothemansion they shared and
destroyed it. She claimed that Rison had beaten her afteranight out, and she set fire tohis shoes toget back at him, but burning down thehouse was an accident. Lopes later revealed that she did not
havealotoffreedom within therelationship and that Rison abused her emotionally and physically; she said that she released her frustrations about therelationshiponthenightofthefire.[17]Lopes was
sentenced tofive years' probation and therapy atahalfway house, and was unable toshake theincident from her reputation.[7] Lopes revealedintheLast DaysofLeft Eye that her meeting withastruggling
motherinrehab leftabig impressiononher.[49] She subsequently adopted thewoman's 8-year-old daughter. She had adopteda12-year-old boy ten years prior.[50]Lopes had several tattoos. Most prominent
wasalarge eagleonher left arm, which she said represented freedom. Later, she added thenumber "80" around theeagle, which was Rison's NFL number whileinAtlanta.[13] She
INSTRUCTOR‘S
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
STATS: DATA AND MODELS
FIFTH EDITION
Richard De Veaux
Williams College
Paul Velleman
Cornell University
David Bock
Cornell University
ISBN-10: 0-13-516508-3
ISBN-13: 978-0-13-516508-
, 2 Part I Exploring and Understanding Data
includesabonus track called "Friends", which would later be sampled for"Give It toMe While It's Hot"onTLC's fourth album 3D.N.I.N.A.After numerous talks with Death Row Records CEO Suge Knight,
Lopes severed her solo deal with Arista (despite remaining signed tothelabel asamemberofTLC) and signed with Knight's Death Row RecordsinJanuary 2002, intending torecordasecond solo album under
thepseudonym "N.I.N.A." (New Identity Not Applicable). She had discussions about recording with David Bowie fortheproject,[43] whom she was also trying toget involved with thefourth TLC album.
theproject was also planned toinclude collaborations with Ray J along with close friend Missy Elliott.[44][45] After Lopes' deathinApril 2002, Death Row Records still had plans tocomplete and release
thealbum (unfinished at thetimeofLopes' death[46][47])inOctober 2002, but thealbum was cancelled forunknown reasons. Several tracks from thealbum were leaked online featuring artists from Tha Row
Records. Lopes's unreleased songs were also sampled by TLC fortheir fourth album 3D after she died. Another track, "Too Street 4 T.V" (featuring Danny Boy), was releasedonthesoundtrack tothe2003 film
Dysfunktional Family.2008–2012: Eye LegacyIn 2008, Lopes' family decided towork with producers at Surefire Music Group tocreateaposthumous albuminher honor, Eye Legacy. Originally set tobe released
October 28, 2008, therelease date was pushed back toNovember 11, then toJanuary 27, 2009. thesong 'Neva Will Eye Eva' and "Crank It", both feature and were co-produced by Lopes' sister Raina "Reigndrop"
Lopes. thefirst official single from thealbum, "Let's Just Do It", was releasedonJanuary 13, 2009, and features Missy Elliott and TLC. thesecond official single, "Block Party", features Lil Mama. thealbum
largely consistsofreworked versionsoftracks from theSupernova album.inNovember 2009, Forever... theEP was released which contained international bonus tracks not usedontheEye Legacy album. theEP was
only available todownload.In 2012,ontheeveofthetenth anniversaryofher death, "Fantasies", an unreleased track by Bootleg featuring Lopes, was uploaded toSoundCloud.[48]Personal lifeLopes was often vocal
about her personal life and difficult past. She came from an abusive, alcoholic background and struggled with alcoholism herself.[9] These issues became headline newsin1994, when she was arrested forsetting
fire toAndre Rison's sneakers inabathtub; thefire ultimately spread tothemansion they shared and destroyed it. She claimed that Rison had beaten her afteranight out, and she set fire tohis shoes toget back at
him, but burning down thehouse was an accident. Lopes later revealed that she did not havealotoffreedom within therelationship and that Rison abused her emotionally and physically; she said that she released
her frustrations about therelationshiponthenightofthefire.[17]Lopes was sentenced tofive years' probation and therapy atahalfway house, and was unable toshake theincident from her reputation.[7] Lopes
revealedintheLast DaysofLeft Eye that her meeting withastruggling motherinrehab leftabig impressiononher.[49] She subsequently adopted thewoman's 8-year-old daughter. She had adopteda12-year-old boy
ten years prior.[50]Lopes had several tattoos. Most prominent wasalarge eagleonher left arm, which she said represented freedom. Later, she added thenumber "80" around theeagle, which was Rison's NFL
number whileinAtlanta.[13] She
Contents
Chapter 1 Stats Starts Here 1
Chapter 2 Displaying and Describing Data 7
Chapter 3 Relationships Between Categorical 21
Variables—Contingency Tables
Chapter 4 Understanding and Comparing Distributions 37
Chapter 5 The Standard Deviation as Ruler and the Normal Model 51
Review of Part I Exploring and Understanding Data 73
Chapter 6 Scatterplots, Association, and Correlation 89
Chapter 7 Linear Regression 101
Chapter 8 Regression Wisdom 125
Review of Part II Exploring Relationships Between Variables 159
Chapter 10 Sample Surveys 181
Chapter 11 Experiments and Observational Studies 189
Review of Part III Gathering Data 203
Chapter 12 From Randomness to Probability 213
Chapter 13 Probability Rules! 223
Chapter 14 Random Variables 243
Chapter 15 Probability Models 259
Review of Part IV Randomness and Probability 285
Chapter 16 Sampling Distribution Models and Confidence 303
Intervals for Proportions
Chapter 17 Confidence Intervals for Means 317
Chapter 18 Testing Hypotheses 339
Chapter 19 More About Tests and Intervals 363
Review of Part V Inference for One Parameter 375
Chapter 20 Comparing Groups 393
Chapter 21 Paired Samples and Blocks 427
Chapter 22 Comparing Counts 447
Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc.
, Chapter 1 Stats Starts Here 3
Chapter 23 Inferences for Regression 467
Review of Part VI Inference for Relationships 489
Chapter 24 Multiple Regression Wisdom 521
Chapter 25 Analysis of Variance 525
Chapter 26 Multifactor Analysis of Variance 535
Review of Part VI Inference When Variables Are Related 543
Cumulative Review Exercises
Chapter 1 – Stats Starts Here
Section 1.1
1. Grocery shopping.
Discount cards at grocery stores allow the stores to collect information about the products that the customer
purchases, what other products are purchased at the same time, whether or not the customer uses coupons, and
the date and time that the products are purchased. This information can be linked to demographic information
about the customer that was volunteered when applying for the card, such as the customer‘s name, address, sex,
age, income level, and other variables. The grocery store chain will use that information to better market their
products. This includes everything from printing out coupons at the checkout that are targeted to specific
customers to deciding what television, print, or Internet advertisements to use.
includesabonus track called "Friends", which would later be sampled for"Give It toMe While It's Hot"onTLC's fourth album 3D.N.I.N.A.After numerous talks with Death Row Records
CEO Suge Knight, Lopes severed her solo deal with Arista (despite remaining signed tothelabel asamemberofTLC) and signed with Knight's Death Row RecordsinJanuary 2002,
intending torecordasecond solo album under thepseudonym "N.I.N.A." (New Identity Not Applicable). She had discussions about recording with David Bowie fortheproject,[43] whom
she was also trying toget involved with thefourth TLC album. theproject was also planned toinclude collaborations with Ray J along with close friend Missy Elliott.[44][45] After Lopes'
deathinApril 2002, Death Row Records still had plans tocomplete and release thealbum (unfinished at thetimeofLopes' death[46][47])inOctober 2002, but thealbum was cancelled
forunknown reasons. Several tracks from thealbum were leaked online featuring artists from Tha Row Records. Lopes's unreleased songs were also sampled by TLC fortheir fourth
album 3D after she died. Another track, "Too Street 4 T.V" (featuring Danny Boy), was releasedonthesoundtrack tothe2003 film Dysfunktional Family.2008–2012: Eye LegacyIn 2008,
Lopes' family decided towork with producers at Surefire Music Group tocreateaposthumous albuminher honor, Eye Legacy. Originally set tobe released October 28, 2008, therelease date
was pushed back toNovember 11, then toJanuary 27, 2009. thesong 'Neva Will Eye Eva' and "Crank It", both feature and were co-produced by Lopes' sister Raina "Reigndrop" Lopes.
thefirst official single from thealbum, "Let's Just Do It", was releasedonJanuary 13, 2009, and features Missy Elliott and TLC. thesecond official single, "Block Party", features Lil
Mama. thealbum largely consistsofreworked versionsoftracks from theSupernova album.inNovember 2009, Forever... theEP was released which contained international bonus tracks not
usedontheEye Legacy album. theEP was only available todownload.In 2012,ontheeveofthetenth anniversaryofher death, "Fantasies", an unreleased track by Bootleg featuring Lopes, was
uploaded toSoundCloud.[48]Personal lifeLopes was often vocal about her personal life and difficult past. She came from an abusive, alcoholic background and struggled with alcoholism
herself.[9] These issues became headline newsin1994, when she was arrested forsetting fire toAndre Rison's sneakers inabathtub; thefire ultimately spread tothemansion they shared and
destroyed it. She claimed that Rison had beaten her afteranight out, and she set fire tohis shoes toget back at him, but burning down thehouse was an accident. Lopes later revealed that
she did not havealotoffreedom within therelationship and that Rison abused her emotionally and physically; she said that she released her frustrations about
therelationshiponthenightofthefire.[17]Lopes was sentenced tofive years' probation and therapy atahalfway house, and was unable toshake theincident from her reputation.[7] Lopes
revealedintheLast DaysofLeft Eye that her meeting withastruggling motherinrehab leftabig impressiononher.[49] She subsequently adopted thewoman's 8-year-old daughter. She had
adopteda12-year-old boy ten years prior.[50]Lopes had several tattoos. Most prominent wasalarge eagleonher left arm, which she said represented freedom. Later, she added thenumber
"80" around theeagle, which was Rison's NFL number whileinAtlanta.[13] She
2. Online shopping.
Retailers hopes to gain all sorts of information about customer behavior, such as how long they spend looking at
a page, whether or not they read reviews by other customers, what items they ultimately buy, and what items are
bought together. They can then use this information to determine which other products to suggest to customers
who buy similar items, to determine which advertisements to run in the margins, and to determine which items
are the most popular so these items come up first in a search.
3. Parking lots.
The owners of the parking garage can advertise about the availability of parking. They can also communicate
with businesses about hours when more spots are available and when they should encourage more business.
4. Satellites and global climate change.
This rise and fall of temperature and water levels can help in planning for future problems and guide public
policy to protect our safety.
Section 1.2
5. Super Bowl.
When collecting data about the Super Bowl, the games themselves are the Who.
6. Nobel laureates.
Each year is a case, holding all of the information about that specific year. Therefore, the year is the Who.
Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc.
, 4 Part I Exploring and Understanding Data
7. Health records.
The sample is about 5000 people, and the population is all residents of the United States of America. The Who
is the selected subjects and the What includes medical, dental, and physiological measurements and laboratory
test results.
8. Facebook.
The Who is the 350 million photos. The What might be information about the photos, for example: file format,
file size, time and date when uploaded, people and places tagged, and GPS information.
Section 1.3
9. Grade levels
a) If we are, for example, comparing the percentage of first-graders who can tie their own shoes to the
percentage of second-graders who can tie their own shoes, grade-level is treated as categorical. It is just a
way to group the students. We would use the same methods if we were comparing boys to girls or brown-
eyed kids to blue-eyed kids.
b) If we were studying the relationship between grade-level and height, we would be treating grade level as
quantitative.
10. ZIP codes.
a) ZIP codes are categorical in the sense that they correspond to a location. The ZIP code 14850 is a
standardized way of referring to Ithaca, NY.
b) ZIP codes generally increase as the location gets further from the east coast of the United States. For
example, one of the ZIP codes for the city of Boston, MA is 02101. Kansas City, MO has a ZIP code of
64101, and Seattle, WA has a ZIP code of 98101.
includesabonus track called "Friends", which would later be sampled for"Give It toMe While It's Hot"onTLC's fourth album 3D.N.I.N.A.After numerous talks with Death Row Records CEO Suge Knight,
Lopes severed her solo deal with Arista (despite remaining signed tothelabel asamemberofTLC) and signed with Knight's Death Row RecordsinJanuary 2002, intending torecordasecond solo album under
thepseudonym "N.I.N.A." (New Identity Not Applicable). She had discussions about recording with David Bowie fortheproject,[43] whom she was also trying toget involved with thefourth TLC album.
theproject was also planned toinclude collaborations with Ray J along with close friend Missy Elliott.[44][45] After Lopes' deathinApril 2002, Death Row Records still had plans tocomplete and release
thealbum (unfinished at thetimeofLopes' death[46][47])inOctober 2002, but thealbum was cancelled forunknown reasons. Several tracks from thealbum were leaked online featuring artists from Tha Row
Records. Lopes's unreleased songs were also sampled by TLC fortheir fourth album 3D after she died. Another track, "Too Street 4 T.V" (featuring Danny Boy), was releasedonthesoundtrack tothe2003 film
Dysfunktional Family.2008–2012: Eye LegacyIn 2008, Lopes' family decided towork with producers at Surefire Music Group tocreateaposthumous albuminher honor, Eye Legacy. Originally set tobe released
October 28, 2008, therelease date was pushed back toNovember 11, then toJanuary 27, 2009. thesong 'Neva Will Eye Eva' and "Crank It", both feature and were co-produced by Lopes' sister Raina "Reigndrop"
Lopes. thefirst official single from thealbum, "Let's Just Do It", was releasedonJanuary 13, 2009, and features Missy Elliott and TLC. thesecond official single, "Block Party", features Lil Mama. thealbum
largely consistsofreworked versionsoftracks from theSupernova album.inNovember 2009, Forever... theEP was released which contained international bonus tracks not usedontheEye Legacy album. theEP was
only available todownload.In 2012,ontheeveofthetenth anniversaryofher death, "Fantasies", an unreleased track by Bootleg featuring Lopes, was uploaded toSoundCloud.[48]Personal lifeLopes was often vocal
about her personal life and difficult past. She came from an abusive, alcoholic background and struggled with alcoholism herself.[9] These issues became headline newsin1994, when she was arrested forsetting
fire toAndre Rison's sneakers inabathtub; thefire ultimately spread tothemansion they shared and destroyed it. She claimed that Rison had beaten her afteranight out, and she set fire tohis shoes toget back at
him, but burning down thehouse was an accident. Lopes later revealed that she did not havealotoffreedom within therelationship and that Rison abused her emotionally and physically; she said that she released
her frustrations about therelationshiponthenightofthefire.[17]Lopes was sentenced tofive years' probation and therapy atahalfway house, and was unable toshake theincident from her reputation.[7] Lopes
revealedintheLast DaysofLeft Eye that her meeting withastruggling motherinrehab leftabig impressiononher.[49] She subsequently adopted thewoman's 8-year-old daughter. She had adopteda12-year-old boy
ten years prior.[50]Lopes had several tattoos. Most prominent wasalarge eagleonher left arm, which she said represented freedom. Later, she added thenumber "80" around theeagle, which was Rison's NFL
number whileinAtlanta.[13] She
11. Voters. 13. Medicine.
The response is a categorical variable. The company is studying a quantitative variable.
12. Job hunting. 14. Stress.
The answer is a categorical variable. The researcher is studying a quantitative
variable.
Section 1.4
15. Voting and elections.
Pollsters might consider whether a person voted previously or whether he or she could name the candidates.
Voting previously and knowing the candidates may indicate a greater interest in the election.
16. Weather.
Meteorologists can use the models to predict the average temperature ten days in advance and compare their
predictions to the actual temperatures.
Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc.
Knight, Lopes severed her solo deal with Arista (despite remaining signed tothelabel asamemberofTLC) and signed with Knight's Death Row RecordsinJanuary 2002, intending torecordasecond solo
album under thepseudonym "N.I.N.A." (New Identity Not Applicable). She had discussions about recording with David Bowie fortheproject,[43] whom she was also trying toget involved with thefourth
TLC album. theproject was also planned toinclude collaborations with Ray J along with close friend Missy Elliott.[44][45] After Lopes' deathinApril 2002, Death Row Records still had plans tocomplete
and release thealbum (unfinished at thetimeofLopes' death[46][47])inOctober 2002, but thealbum was cancelled forunknown reasons. Several tracks from thealbum were leaked online featuring artists
from Tha Row Records. Lopes's unreleased songs were also sampled by TLC fortheir fourth album 3D after she died. Another track, "Too Street 4 T.V" (featuring Danny Boy), was
releasedonthesoundtrack tothe2003 film Dysfunktional Family.2008–2012: Eye LegacyIn 2008, Lopes' family decided towork with producers at Surefire Music Group tocreateaposthumous albuminher
honor, Eye Legacy. Originally set tobe released October 28, 2008, therelease date was pushed back toNovember 11, then toJanuary 27, 2009. thesong 'Neva Will Eye Eva' and "Crank It", both feature
and were co-produced by Lopes' sister Raina "Reigndrop" Lopes. thefirst official single from thealbum, "Let's Just Do It", was releasedonJanuary 13, 2009, and features Missy Elliott and TLC.
thesecond official single, "Block Party", features Lil Mama. thealbum largely consistsofreworked versionsoftracks from theSupernova album.inNovember 2009, Forever... theEP was released which
contained international bonus tracks not usedontheEye Legacy album. theEP was only available todownload.In 2012,ontheeveofthetenth anniversaryofher death, "Fantasies", an unreleased track by
Bootleg featuring Lopes, was uploaded toSoundCloud.[48]Personal lifeLopes was often vocal about her personal life and difficult past. She came from an abusive, alcoholic background and struggled
with alcoholism herself.[9] These issues became headline newsin1994, when she was arrested forsetting fire toAndre Rison's sneakers inabathtub; thefire ultimately spread tothemansion they shared and
destroyed it. She claimed that Rison had beaten her afteranight out, and she set fire tohis shoes toget back at him, but burning down thehouse was an accident. Lopes later revealed that she did not
havealotoffreedom within therelationship and that Rison abused her emotionally and physically; she said that she released her frustrations about therelationshiponthenightofthefire.[17]Lopes was
sentenced tofive years' probation and therapy atahalfway house, and was unable toshake theincident from her reputation.[7] Lopes revealedintheLast DaysofLeft Eye that her meeting withastruggling
motherinrehab leftabig impressiononher.[49] She subsequently adopted thewoman's 8-year-old daughter. She had adopteda12-year-old boy ten years prior.[50]Lopes had several tattoos. Most prominent
wasalarge eagleonher left arm, which she said represented freedom. Later, she added thenumber "80" around theeagle, which was Rison's NFL number whileinAtlanta.[13] She
INSTRUCTOR‘S
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
STATS: DATA AND MODELS
FIFTH EDITION
Richard De Veaux
Williams College
Paul Velleman
Cornell University
David Bock
Cornell University
ISBN-10: 0-13-516508-3
ISBN-13: 978-0-13-516508-
, 2 Part I Exploring and Understanding Data
includesabonus track called "Friends", which would later be sampled for"Give It toMe While It's Hot"onTLC's fourth album 3D.N.I.N.A.After numerous talks with Death Row Records CEO Suge Knight,
Lopes severed her solo deal with Arista (despite remaining signed tothelabel asamemberofTLC) and signed with Knight's Death Row RecordsinJanuary 2002, intending torecordasecond solo album under
thepseudonym "N.I.N.A." (New Identity Not Applicable). She had discussions about recording with David Bowie fortheproject,[43] whom she was also trying toget involved with thefourth TLC album.
theproject was also planned toinclude collaborations with Ray J along with close friend Missy Elliott.[44][45] After Lopes' deathinApril 2002, Death Row Records still had plans tocomplete and release
thealbum (unfinished at thetimeofLopes' death[46][47])inOctober 2002, but thealbum was cancelled forunknown reasons. Several tracks from thealbum were leaked online featuring artists from Tha Row
Records. Lopes's unreleased songs were also sampled by TLC fortheir fourth album 3D after she died. Another track, "Too Street 4 T.V" (featuring Danny Boy), was releasedonthesoundtrack tothe2003 film
Dysfunktional Family.2008–2012: Eye LegacyIn 2008, Lopes' family decided towork with producers at Surefire Music Group tocreateaposthumous albuminher honor, Eye Legacy. Originally set tobe released
October 28, 2008, therelease date was pushed back toNovember 11, then toJanuary 27, 2009. thesong 'Neva Will Eye Eva' and "Crank It", both feature and were co-produced by Lopes' sister Raina "Reigndrop"
Lopes. thefirst official single from thealbum, "Let's Just Do It", was releasedonJanuary 13, 2009, and features Missy Elliott and TLC. thesecond official single, "Block Party", features Lil Mama. thealbum
largely consistsofreworked versionsoftracks from theSupernova album.inNovember 2009, Forever... theEP was released which contained international bonus tracks not usedontheEye Legacy album. theEP was
only available todownload.In 2012,ontheeveofthetenth anniversaryofher death, "Fantasies", an unreleased track by Bootleg featuring Lopes, was uploaded toSoundCloud.[48]Personal lifeLopes was often vocal
about her personal life and difficult past. She came from an abusive, alcoholic background and struggled with alcoholism herself.[9] These issues became headline newsin1994, when she was arrested forsetting
fire toAndre Rison's sneakers inabathtub; thefire ultimately spread tothemansion they shared and destroyed it. She claimed that Rison had beaten her afteranight out, and she set fire tohis shoes toget back at
him, but burning down thehouse was an accident. Lopes later revealed that she did not havealotoffreedom within therelationship and that Rison abused her emotionally and physically; she said that she released
her frustrations about therelationshiponthenightofthefire.[17]Lopes was sentenced tofive years' probation and therapy atahalfway house, and was unable toshake theincident from her reputation.[7] Lopes
revealedintheLast DaysofLeft Eye that her meeting withastruggling motherinrehab leftabig impressiononher.[49] She subsequently adopted thewoman's 8-year-old daughter. She had adopteda12-year-old boy
ten years prior.[50]Lopes had several tattoos. Most prominent wasalarge eagleonher left arm, which she said represented freedom. Later, she added thenumber "80" around theeagle, which was Rison's NFL
number whileinAtlanta.[13] She
Contents
Chapter 1 Stats Starts Here 1
Chapter 2 Displaying and Describing Data 7
Chapter 3 Relationships Between Categorical 21
Variables—Contingency Tables
Chapter 4 Understanding and Comparing Distributions 37
Chapter 5 The Standard Deviation as Ruler and the Normal Model 51
Review of Part I Exploring and Understanding Data 73
Chapter 6 Scatterplots, Association, and Correlation 89
Chapter 7 Linear Regression 101
Chapter 8 Regression Wisdom 125
Review of Part II Exploring Relationships Between Variables 159
Chapter 10 Sample Surveys 181
Chapter 11 Experiments and Observational Studies 189
Review of Part III Gathering Data 203
Chapter 12 From Randomness to Probability 213
Chapter 13 Probability Rules! 223
Chapter 14 Random Variables 243
Chapter 15 Probability Models 259
Review of Part IV Randomness and Probability 285
Chapter 16 Sampling Distribution Models and Confidence 303
Intervals for Proportions
Chapter 17 Confidence Intervals for Means 317
Chapter 18 Testing Hypotheses 339
Chapter 19 More About Tests and Intervals 363
Review of Part V Inference for One Parameter 375
Chapter 20 Comparing Groups 393
Chapter 21 Paired Samples and Blocks 427
Chapter 22 Comparing Counts 447
Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc.
, Chapter 1 Stats Starts Here 3
Chapter 23 Inferences for Regression 467
Review of Part VI Inference for Relationships 489
Chapter 24 Multiple Regression Wisdom 521
Chapter 25 Analysis of Variance 525
Chapter 26 Multifactor Analysis of Variance 535
Review of Part VI Inference When Variables Are Related 543
Cumulative Review Exercises
Chapter 1 – Stats Starts Here
Section 1.1
1. Grocery shopping.
Discount cards at grocery stores allow the stores to collect information about the products that the customer
purchases, what other products are purchased at the same time, whether or not the customer uses coupons, and
the date and time that the products are purchased. This information can be linked to demographic information
about the customer that was volunteered when applying for the card, such as the customer‘s name, address, sex,
age, income level, and other variables. The grocery store chain will use that information to better market their
products. This includes everything from printing out coupons at the checkout that are targeted to specific
customers to deciding what television, print, or Internet advertisements to use.
includesabonus track called "Friends", which would later be sampled for"Give It toMe While It's Hot"onTLC's fourth album 3D.N.I.N.A.After numerous talks with Death Row Records
CEO Suge Knight, Lopes severed her solo deal with Arista (despite remaining signed tothelabel asamemberofTLC) and signed with Knight's Death Row RecordsinJanuary 2002,
intending torecordasecond solo album under thepseudonym "N.I.N.A." (New Identity Not Applicable). She had discussions about recording with David Bowie fortheproject,[43] whom
she was also trying toget involved with thefourth TLC album. theproject was also planned toinclude collaborations with Ray J along with close friend Missy Elliott.[44][45] After Lopes'
deathinApril 2002, Death Row Records still had plans tocomplete and release thealbum (unfinished at thetimeofLopes' death[46][47])inOctober 2002, but thealbum was cancelled
forunknown reasons. Several tracks from thealbum were leaked online featuring artists from Tha Row Records. Lopes's unreleased songs were also sampled by TLC fortheir fourth
album 3D after she died. Another track, "Too Street 4 T.V" (featuring Danny Boy), was releasedonthesoundtrack tothe2003 film Dysfunktional Family.2008–2012: Eye LegacyIn 2008,
Lopes' family decided towork with producers at Surefire Music Group tocreateaposthumous albuminher honor, Eye Legacy. Originally set tobe released October 28, 2008, therelease date
was pushed back toNovember 11, then toJanuary 27, 2009. thesong 'Neva Will Eye Eva' and "Crank It", both feature and were co-produced by Lopes' sister Raina "Reigndrop" Lopes.
thefirst official single from thealbum, "Let's Just Do It", was releasedonJanuary 13, 2009, and features Missy Elliott and TLC. thesecond official single, "Block Party", features Lil
Mama. thealbum largely consistsofreworked versionsoftracks from theSupernova album.inNovember 2009, Forever... theEP was released which contained international bonus tracks not
usedontheEye Legacy album. theEP was only available todownload.In 2012,ontheeveofthetenth anniversaryofher death, "Fantasies", an unreleased track by Bootleg featuring Lopes, was
uploaded toSoundCloud.[48]Personal lifeLopes was often vocal about her personal life and difficult past. She came from an abusive, alcoholic background and struggled with alcoholism
herself.[9] These issues became headline newsin1994, when she was arrested forsetting fire toAndre Rison's sneakers inabathtub; thefire ultimately spread tothemansion they shared and
destroyed it. She claimed that Rison had beaten her afteranight out, and she set fire tohis shoes toget back at him, but burning down thehouse was an accident. Lopes later revealed that
she did not havealotoffreedom within therelationship and that Rison abused her emotionally and physically; she said that she released her frustrations about
therelationshiponthenightofthefire.[17]Lopes was sentenced tofive years' probation and therapy atahalfway house, and was unable toshake theincident from her reputation.[7] Lopes
revealedintheLast DaysofLeft Eye that her meeting withastruggling motherinrehab leftabig impressiononher.[49] She subsequently adopted thewoman's 8-year-old daughter. She had
adopteda12-year-old boy ten years prior.[50]Lopes had several tattoos. Most prominent wasalarge eagleonher left arm, which she said represented freedom. Later, she added thenumber
"80" around theeagle, which was Rison's NFL number whileinAtlanta.[13] She
2. Online shopping.
Retailers hopes to gain all sorts of information about customer behavior, such as how long they spend looking at
a page, whether or not they read reviews by other customers, what items they ultimately buy, and what items are
bought together. They can then use this information to determine which other products to suggest to customers
who buy similar items, to determine which advertisements to run in the margins, and to determine which items
are the most popular so these items come up first in a search.
3. Parking lots.
The owners of the parking garage can advertise about the availability of parking. They can also communicate
with businesses about hours when more spots are available and when they should encourage more business.
4. Satellites and global climate change.
This rise and fall of temperature and water levels can help in planning for future problems and guide public
policy to protect our safety.
Section 1.2
5. Super Bowl.
When collecting data about the Super Bowl, the games themselves are the Who.
6. Nobel laureates.
Each year is a case, holding all of the information about that specific year. Therefore, the year is the Who.
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, 4 Part I Exploring and Understanding Data
7. Health records.
The sample is about 5000 people, and the population is all residents of the United States of America. The Who
is the selected subjects and the What includes medical, dental, and physiological measurements and laboratory
test results.
8. Facebook.
The Who is the 350 million photos. The What might be information about the photos, for example: file format,
file size, time and date when uploaded, people and places tagged, and GPS information.
Section 1.3
9. Grade levels
a) If we are, for example, comparing the percentage of first-graders who can tie their own shoes to the
percentage of second-graders who can tie their own shoes, grade-level is treated as categorical. It is just a
way to group the students. We would use the same methods if we were comparing boys to girls or brown-
eyed kids to blue-eyed kids.
b) If we were studying the relationship between grade-level and height, we would be treating grade level as
quantitative.
10. ZIP codes.
a) ZIP codes are categorical in the sense that they correspond to a location. The ZIP code 14850 is a
standardized way of referring to Ithaca, NY.
b) ZIP codes generally increase as the location gets further from the east coast of the United States. For
example, one of the ZIP codes for the city of Boston, MA is 02101. Kansas City, MO has a ZIP code of
64101, and Seattle, WA has a ZIP code of 98101.
includesabonus track called "Friends", which would later be sampled for"Give It toMe While It's Hot"onTLC's fourth album 3D.N.I.N.A.After numerous talks with Death Row Records CEO Suge Knight,
Lopes severed her solo deal with Arista (despite remaining signed tothelabel asamemberofTLC) and signed with Knight's Death Row RecordsinJanuary 2002, intending torecordasecond solo album under
thepseudonym "N.I.N.A." (New Identity Not Applicable). She had discussions about recording with David Bowie fortheproject,[43] whom she was also trying toget involved with thefourth TLC album.
theproject was also planned toinclude collaborations with Ray J along with close friend Missy Elliott.[44][45] After Lopes' deathinApril 2002, Death Row Records still had plans tocomplete and release
thealbum (unfinished at thetimeofLopes' death[46][47])inOctober 2002, but thealbum was cancelled forunknown reasons. Several tracks from thealbum were leaked online featuring artists from Tha Row
Records. Lopes's unreleased songs were also sampled by TLC fortheir fourth album 3D after she died. Another track, "Too Street 4 T.V" (featuring Danny Boy), was releasedonthesoundtrack tothe2003 film
Dysfunktional Family.2008–2012: Eye LegacyIn 2008, Lopes' family decided towork with producers at Surefire Music Group tocreateaposthumous albuminher honor, Eye Legacy. Originally set tobe released
October 28, 2008, therelease date was pushed back toNovember 11, then toJanuary 27, 2009. thesong 'Neva Will Eye Eva' and "Crank It", both feature and were co-produced by Lopes' sister Raina "Reigndrop"
Lopes. thefirst official single from thealbum, "Let's Just Do It", was releasedonJanuary 13, 2009, and features Missy Elliott and TLC. thesecond official single, "Block Party", features Lil Mama. thealbum
largely consistsofreworked versionsoftracks from theSupernova album.inNovember 2009, Forever... theEP was released which contained international bonus tracks not usedontheEye Legacy album. theEP was
only available todownload.In 2012,ontheeveofthetenth anniversaryofher death, "Fantasies", an unreleased track by Bootleg featuring Lopes, was uploaded toSoundCloud.[48]Personal lifeLopes was often vocal
about her personal life and difficult past. She came from an abusive, alcoholic background and struggled with alcoholism herself.[9] These issues became headline newsin1994, when she was arrested forsetting
fire toAndre Rison's sneakers inabathtub; thefire ultimately spread tothemansion they shared and destroyed it. She claimed that Rison had beaten her afteranight out, and she set fire tohis shoes toget back at
him, but burning down thehouse was an accident. Lopes later revealed that she did not havealotoffreedom within therelationship and that Rison abused her emotionally and physically; she said that she released
her frustrations about therelationshiponthenightofthefire.[17]Lopes was sentenced tofive years' probation and therapy atahalfway house, and was unable toshake theincident from her reputation.[7] Lopes
revealedintheLast DaysofLeft Eye that her meeting withastruggling motherinrehab leftabig impressiononher.[49] She subsequently adopted thewoman's 8-year-old daughter. She had adopteda12-year-old boy
ten years prior.[50]Lopes had several tattoos. Most prominent wasalarge eagleonher left arm, which she said represented freedom. Later, she added thenumber "80" around theeagle, which was Rison's NFL
number whileinAtlanta.[13] She
11. Voters. 13. Medicine.
The response is a categorical variable. The company is studying a quantitative variable.
12. Job hunting. 14. Stress.
The answer is a categorical variable. The researcher is studying a quantitative
variable.
Section 1.4
15. Voting and elections.
Pollsters might consider whether a person voted previously or whether he or she could name the candidates.
Voting previously and knowing the candidates may indicate a greater interest in the election.
16. Weather.
Meteorologists can use the models to predict the average temperature ten days in advance and compare their
predictions to the actual temperatures.
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