NR507- ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FINAL EXAM, EXAM WITH CORRECT
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025
a. Acute renal failure - CORRECT-ANSWERSReversible
b. Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this indicates that
kidneys are functioning well
c. Acute Pyelonephritis - CORRECT-ANSWERSDiagnosing by clinical symptoms alone
can be difficult; can be similar to cystitis
d. Diagnosis established by:
e. -Urine culture
f. -Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be present)
g. -Signs/Symptoms
h. -Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract imaging
i. Renal Calculi (Renal Stones) - CORRECT-ANSWERSGoals of Treatment:
j. Manage acute pain
k. Promote passage of stone
l. Reduce size of stone
m. Prevent new stone formation
n. Chronic Renal Failure - CORRECT-ANSWERSChronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a
progressive loss of renal function associated with systemic disease such as hypertension,
diabetes mellitus (most significant risk factor), systemic lupus erythematosus or intrinsic
kidney disease
o. CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
, p. Who is a candidate for dialysis? - CORRECT-ANSWERSEnd-stage renal disease
(ESRD) is the final stage of CKD with the number one cause being diabetes mellitus
combined with hypertension. At this point, the patient is completely dependent on
dialysis to survive.
q. CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR rather than
symptoms.
r. Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
s. --Metabolic acidosis.
t. --Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked T-waves) is an
indication for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an indication for dialysis.
u. --Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication for dialysis and
include salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and Ethylene glycol).
v. --Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
w. --Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
x. Stage I CKD - CORRECT-ANSWERSThere is kidney damage with normal or elevated
GFR
y. 90-120
z. Stage II CKD - CORRECT-ANSWERSThere is kidney damage with mild decrease in
GFR
aa. 60-89
bb. Stage III CKD - CORRECT-ANSWERSThere is a moderate decrease in GFR
cc. 30-59
dd. Stage IV CKD - CORRECT-ANSWERSThere is a severe decrease in GFR
ee. 15-29
ff. Stage V CKD - CORRECT-ANSWERSKidney failure- End-stage renal disease
gg. <15 (dialysis) Once Stage IV is reached, progression to Stage V is inevitable as well as
dialysis or kidney transplant
hh. Complications of Decreased GFR - CORRECT-ANSWERSAnemia
ii. Hypertension
jj. Decreased calcium absorption
FINAL EXAM, EXAM WITH CORRECT
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025
a. Acute renal failure - CORRECT-ANSWERSReversible
b. Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this indicates that
kidneys are functioning well
c. Acute Pyelonephritis - CORRECT-ANSWERSDiagnosing by clinical symptoms alone
can be difficult; can be similar to cystitis
d. Diagnosis established by:
e. -Urine culture
f. -Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be present)
g. -Signs/Symptoms
h. -Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract imaging
i. Renal Calculi (Renal Stones) - CORRECT-ANSWERSGoals of Treatment:
j. Manage acute pain
k. Promote passage of stone
l. Reduce size of stone
m. Prevent new stone formation
n. Chronic Renal Failure - CORRECT-ANSWERSChronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a
progressive loss of renal function associated with systemic disease such as hypertension,
diabetes mellitus (most significant risk factor), systemic lupus erythematosus or intrinsic
kidney disease
o. CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
, p. Who is a candidate for dialysis? - CORRECT-ANSWERSEnd-stage renal disease
(ESRD) is the final stage of CKD with the number one cause being diabetes mellitus
combined with hypertension. At this point, the patient is completely dependent on
dialysis to survive.
q. CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR rather than
symptoms.
r. Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
s. --Metabolic acidosis.
t. --Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked T-waves) is an
indication for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an indication for dialysis.
u. --Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication for dialysis and
include salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and Ethylene glycol).
v. --Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
w. --Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
x. Stage I CKD - CORRECT-ANSWERSThere is kidney damage with normal or elevated
GFR
y. 90-120
z. Stage II CKD - CORRECT-ANSWERSThere is kidney damage with mild decrease in
GFR
aa. 60-89
bb. Stage III CKD - CORRECT-ANSWERSThere is a moderate decrease in GFR
cc. 30-59
dd. Stage IV CKD - CORRECT-ANSWERSThere is a severe decrease in GFR
ee. 15-29
ff. Stage V CKD - CORRECT-ANSWERSKidney failure- End-stage renal disease
gg. <15 (dialysis) Once Stage IV is reached, progression to Stage V is inevitable as well as
dialysis or kidney transplant
hh. Complications of Decreased GFR - CORRECT-ANSWERSAnemia
ii. Hypertension
jj. Decreased calcium absorption
