3.1.2 Transport in animals
(a) the need for transport systems in multicellular animals
1. Why do multicellular organisms need transport systems?
(b) the different types of circulatory systems
1. What is a single /double circulatory system?
2. What circulatory system do fish have? Draw it out!
3. What circulatory system do mammals have? (include complete or incomplete)
4. What circulatory system do amphibians and most reptiles have? (include complete or
incomplete)
5. What circulatory system do insects have? Describe how it works.
(c) the structure and functions of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins
1. Describe and explain the structure of arteries. What do arteries do?
2. Describe and explain the structure of veins. What do veins do?
3. Arteries branch into arterioles, compare them to arteries.
4. Venules link the capillaries with the veins, compare them to veins.
5. Describe the structure of capillaries.
(d) the formation of tissue fluid from plasma
1. What is tissue fluid? What is oncotic pressure (3.3 kPa)?
2. At the start of the capillary bed, nearest the arteries, how do the hydrostatic pressure
and oncotic pressure affect the movement of fluid in the capillary?
3. At the end of the capillary bed, near the veins, how do the hydrostatic pressure and
oncotic pressure affect the movement of fluid in the capillary?
4. What is filtration pressure?
5. What is lymph? How is the lymph pumped inside the vessels? What do the lymph
vessels have like veins?
6. Fill in the table below with ticks or crosses:
Blood Tissue fluid Lymph
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
proteins
Water
Dissolved solutes
, (e)
(i) the external and internal structure of the mammalian heart
(ii) the dissection, examination and drawing of the external and internal structure of
the mammalian heart
1. Label this diagram:
2. Describe the route how the blood is transported into the lungs from the vena cava.
3. Describe how to dissect a heart.
(f) the cardiac cycle
To include the role of the valves and the pressure changes occurring in the heart and
associated vessels.
1. Describe what happens at diastole.
2. Describe what happens at atrial systole.
3. Describe what happens at ventricular systole.
4. Identify what happens at A, B and C from the graph below:
5. Cardiac output =?
(a) the need for transport systems in multicellular animals
1. Why do multicellular organisms need transport systems?
(b) the different types of circulatory systems
1. What is a single /double circulatory system?
2. What circulatory system do fish have? Draw it out!
3. What circulatory system do mammals have? (include complete or incomplete)
4. What circulatory system do amphibians and most reptiles have? (include complete or
incomplete)
5. What circulatory system do insects have? Describe how it works.
(c) the structure and functions of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins
1. Describe and explain the structure of arteries. What do arteries do?
2. Describe and explain the structure of veins. What do veins do?
3. Arteries branch into arterioles, compare them to arteries.
4. Venules link the capillaries with the veins, compare them to veins.
5. Describe the structure of capillaries.
(d) the formation of tissue fluid from plasma
1. What is tissue fluid? What is oncotic pressure (3.3 kPa)?
2. At the start of the capillary bed, nearest the arteries, how do the hydrostatic pressure
and oncotic pressure affect the movement of fluid in the capillary?
3. At the end of the capillary bed, near the veins, how do the hydrostatic pressure and
oncotic pressure affect the movement of fluid in the capillary?
4. What is filtration pressure?
5. What is lymph? How is the lymph pumped inside the vessels? What do the lymph
vessels have like veins?
6. Fill in the table below with ticks or crosses:
Blood Tissue fluid Lymph
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
proteins
Water
Dissolved solutes
, (e)
(i) the external and internal structure of the mammalian heart
(ii) the dissection, examination and drawing of the external and internal structure of
the mammalian heart
1. Label this diagram:
2. Describe the route how the blood is transported into the lungs from the vena cava.
3. Describe how to dissect a heart.
(f) the cardiac cycle
To include the role of the valves and the pressure changes occurring in the heart and
associated vessels.
1. Describe what happens at diastole.
2. Describe what happens at atrial systole.
3. Describe what happens at ventricular systole.
4. Identify what happens at A, B and C from the graph below:
5. Cardiac output =?
