ESS 101 EXAM 1 LATEST 2025 WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTION FROM A
VERIFIED SOURCE
//100%GUARANTEED PASS!!!
nebular hypothesis - CORRECT ANSWER-1. supernova and formation of
primordial dust cloud
2. condensation of primordial dust forms disk shaped nebular cloud
rotating counter-clockwise.
3. proto sun and planets begin to form
4. accretion of planetesimals and differentiation of planets and moons
(4-6 billion years ago).
5. existing solar system takes shape.
Evidence of nebular hypotheses - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Planets and
moons revolve in a counter-clockwise direction (not random)
2. almost all planets and moons rotate on their axis in a counter-
clockwise direction.
,3. planetary orbits are aligned along the suns equatorial plane (not
randomly organized)
4. observations from Hubble telescope and radio astronomy indicate
that other planetary systems are forming from condensed nebular
dust.
Terrestrial Planets - CORRECT ANSWER-Close to the sun, dense,
small/rocky, silicate minerals, metallic cores
Twelve earths would fit across the diameter of Jupiter.
Jovian Planets - CORRECT ANSWER-Far from the sun, low density,
large, gaseous (hydrogen, methane)
Why does the earth and terrestrial planets have so little molecular
hydrogen comprising their respective atmosphere, yet the primordial
dust cloud was mostly comprised of hydrogen gas? - CORRECT
ANSWER-Hydrogen gas and helium gas escapes to space when put in
our atmosphere.
Jupiter, saturn, and neptune maintain molecular hydrogen gas in the
atmosphere because they have high density.
,How is the earth compositionally zoned? - CORRECT ANSWER-Along a
density gradient
How did the earth become compositionally zoned? - CORRECT
ANSWER-1. Accretion of planetesimals
2. initial heating due to kinetic energy of colliding planetesimals and
compressional heating.
3. additional heating from radioactive decay.
4. iron catastrophe: melting temp of iron reached and dense iron nickel
sink to core and lighter materials are displaced outwards (including
silicate rock of mantle and crust, ocean waters and atmospheric gases)
5. earth becomes compositionally zoned based on density (densest iron
nickel in core-least dense materials comprise the atmosphere) 500 mil
yrs after the initial accretion process.
6. convective overturn in asthenosphere, mantle and outer core still
occur today.
Why did the earth heat up and then rapidly cool during the
differentiation process? - CORRECT ANSWER-When earth was solid-
heat gain was greater than the heat lost to space. This means that the
internal temperature rises until it exceeded the melting temp of
oxygen and nitrogen until exceeded iron nickel catastrophe. Earth is
completely molten and then compositionally zoned.
When earth was liquid- convection-hot gas rises , after it became
molten, the earth rapidly cooled off and solidified.
, Differentiated Earth - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Iron Nickel Core (outer
core liquid)
(inner core solid)
2. Fe-Mg silicate mantle
3. Fe-Mg-Al Silicate Crust (Ocean and Continental)
4. Oceans
5. atmosphere
Why does earth possess little evidence of its early accretion history? -
CORRECT ANSWER-Because of weathering, plate tectonics, moon has
no atmosphere and biosphere.
Emissions from degassing of the earth during its differentiation. -
CORRECT ANSWER-h2o, co2, h2, he, n2
Where did molecular H and He escape to? - CORRECT ANSWER-space
When did oxygenation of the atmosphere occur? - CORRECT
ANSWER-later following evolution of marine algae and plants that use
photosynthesis to convert co2 to o2 as a part of their life processes.
COMPLETE SOLUTION FROM A
VERIFIED SOURCE
//100%GUARANTEED PASS!!!
nebular hypothesis - CORRECT ANSWER-1. supernova and formation of
primordial dust cloud
2. condensation of primordial dust forms disk shaped nebular cloud
rotating counter-clockwise.
3. proto sun and planets begin to form
4. accretion of planetesimals and differentiation of planets and moons
(4-6 billion years ago).
5. existing solar system takes shape.
Evidence of nebular hypotheses - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Planets and
moons revolve in a counter-clockwise direction (not random)
2. almost all planets and moons rotate on their axis in a counter-
clockwise direction.
,3. planetary orbits are aligned along the suns equatorial plane (not
randomly organized)
4. observations from Hubble telescope and radio astronomy indicate
that other planetary systems are forming from condensed nebular
dust.
Terrestrial Planets - CORRECT ANSWER-Close to the sun, dense,
small/rocky, silicate minerals, metallic cores
Twelve earths would fit across the diameter of Jupiter.
Jovian Planets - CORRECT ANSWER-Far from the sun, low density,
large, gaseous (hydrogen, methane)
Why does the earth and terrestrial planets have so little molecular
hydrogen comprising their respective atmosphere, yet the primordial
dust cloud was mostly comprised of hydrogen gas? - CORRECT
ANSWER-Hydrogen gas and helium gas escapes to space when put in
our atmosphere.
Jupiter, saturn, and neptune maintain molecular hydrogen gas in the
atmosphere because they have high density.
,How is the earth compositionally zoned? - CORRECT ANSWER-Along a
density gradient
How did the earth become compositionally zoned? - CORRECT
ANSWER-1. Accretion of planetesimals
2. initial heating due to kinetic energy of colliding planetesimals and
compressional heating.
3. additional heating from radioactive decay.
4. iron catastrophe: melting temp of iron reached and dense iron nickel
sink to core and lighter materials are displaced outwards (including
silicate rock of mantle and crust, ocean waters and atmospheric gases)
5. earth becomes compositionally zoned based on density (densest iron
nickel in core-least dense materials comprise the atmosphere) 500 mil
yrs after the initial accretion process.
6. convective overturn in asthenosphere, mantle and outer core still
occur today.
Why did the earth heat up and then rapidly cool during the
differentiation process? - CORRECT ANSWER-When earth was solid-
heat gain was greater than the heat lost to space. This means that the
internal temperature rises until it exceeded the melting temp of
oxygen and nitrogen until exceeded iron nickel catastrophe. Earth is
completely molten and then compositionally zoned.
When earth was liquid- convection-hot gas rises , after it became
molten, the earth rapidly cooled off and solidified.
, Differentiated Earth - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Iron Nickel Core (outer
core liquid)
(inner core solid)
2. Fe-Mg silicate mantle
3. Fe-Mg-Al Silicate Crust (Ocean and Continental)
4. Oceans
5. atmosphere
Why does earth possess little evidence of its early accretion history? -
CORRECT ANSWER-Because of weathering, plate tectonics, moon has
no atmosphere and biosphere.
Emissions from degassing of the earth during its differentiation. -
CORRECT ANSWER-h2o, co2, h2, he, n2
Where did molecular H and He escape to? - CORRECT ANSWER-space
When did oxygenation of the atmosphere occur? - CORRECT
ANSWER-later following evolution of marine algae and plants that use
photosynthesis to convert co2 to o2 as a part of their life processes.
