Social Science 2 Finals
Sir Mikael Perez | 2025
1
representative government where power
emanates from the people
COVERAGE
● The rise of mercantilism paved the way for
a new form of economic system
The Enlightenment (capitalism) where private property is
1. Thomas Hobbes’ The Leviathan promoted among the new economic class
2. John Locke’s Two Treatises of Government (bourgeoisie)
3. Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s The Social Contract
(Du contrat social)
The Modern Period HOBBES: A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
4. Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations
5. Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels’ The Communist
● Born on April 5, 1588 in Westport, England
Manifesto (Manifest der Kommunistischen
where his father Thomas Sr. was the vicar
Partei)
(priest in the Anglican Church) of Charlton
and Westport
● Educated at Westport church, Malmesbury
1 HOBBES & THE LEVIATHAN school, and a private school kept by Robert
Latimer, an Oxford graduate.
● Initially studied at Magdalene College,
THE ENLIGHTENMENT Oxford where he studied scholastic logic
and physics. Completed his BA degree at
St. John's College, Cambridge
● Occurred after the Renaissance and during
● Became the tutor to the eldest son of Lord
the Protestant Reformation against the
Cavendish (the first earl of Devonshire) and
Catholic Church.
built strong connections with the family
● Europe was caught in various interstate
● In 1640, he fled to France due to fears of
wars against the rise of nationalism and
his royalist connections and went back to
imperialism.
England in 1651
○ Nationalism: idea that certain
● Wrote his greatest work, The Leviathan
groups with a common language,
(1651), upon his return as one of the first
ethnicity, or religion deserve to
political treatises written in the English
have a nation-state of their own
language
○ Imperialism: expansion of power
● Declared his submission to the new
through colonization and
republican regime in England until his
exploitation of other people
death in 1679
considered to be inferior
(Scramble for Africa)
● The Industrial Revolution brought THE LEVIATHAN
prosperity and economic development to
Great Britain which eventually became the
workshop of the world MAN AND THE STATE OF NATURE
● The British navy was considered to be the
most powerful navy in Europe, with
Napoleonic France an Wilhelmine Germany
ARISTOTLE HOBBES
as land powers trying to balance Britain in
continental Europe.
Man is a social creature Man is individualistic
● This resulted in the rise of liberal values
such as constitutionalism, human rights,
and the necessity to establish a ● “Man’s life in the state of nature is
solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short"
1
, Social Science 2 Finals
Sir Mikael Perez | 2025
2
○ The state of nature is something
where morals do not exist. According to Hobbes, the state of nature was like an
● The creation of government is necessary existence where each man lives for himself. It is
for man in order to escape from the state characterized by extreme competition and no one
of nature since man is more individualistic looks out for another. He believed that when people
than social. have unlimited freedom, it leads to chaos and a
○ Government was made willingly war-like scenario
○ Ppl only had the right to complain
about the absolute ruler (the
leviathan) if he directly threatened
to kill his subjects
● Man's primary motive is to promote his MORALS
self-preservation in order not to fall in the
state of nature
● Hobbes would rather people suck up bad MACHIAVELLI HOBBES
governence than have war because of his
very anti-violence nature Morals are irrelevant in Morals do not exist
● It is the duty of people to obey their ruler politics
despite the ruler being wicked
○ Men cant rule themselves so they
need a soverign power ● Hobbes believed that the state of nature
does not permit morals to exist
● "Being good as simply as which people
Hobbes was concerned with how people would act in desire and evil as which they avoid"
the absence of a common power - bad, brutish ○ What is considered "good" is
● Men are unable to cooperate with one simply what an individual desires,
another in the absence of a common power and "evil" is what they seek to
of state authority avoid
● Every individual wants to be recognized – ● There is a debate whether Hobbes
competition of honor believed that man is inherently evil since
● State of nature is a general state of only a sovereign can lift man out of the
insecurity and uncertainty with no legitimate state of nature
authority – safety is not guaranteed ● Recognition that self-preservation is best
● Thinks that every man is individualistic achieved through social cooperation
Right of nature – right of self-preservation ● Morality is not a set of universal or
● Laws of nature whicha re different from inherent principles but rather a system of
rights of nature are discoverable through rules imposed by a legitimate authority
reason and should be universal (anyone with
reason would come to the same conclusion)
● Laws of nature: we should treat others like NATURE OF MAN AND THE SOVEREIGN
how we wanna be treated – cooperate with
others and work together to form a good
● Mankind is inherently pessimistic since
society
the state of nature is always in a state of
General inclination of all humankind in the state of
constant war
nature to desire power after power
● In order for man to prevent himself from
● Without a common power, individuals act
falling into such, a sovereign authority
purely out of self-interest, leading to
(one man or a group of men) must be
perpetual conflict
created to whom all power is transferred
● The Leviathan is his concept of the ruler
where his absolute power is justified by
2
, Social Science 2 Finals
Sir Mikael Perez | 2025
3
consent of the governed, as agreed upon
by the social contract, in exchange for the
subjects to be obedient to the sovereign in
THE SOCIAL CONTRACT
all matters in exchange for the guarantee
of peace and security
● Hobbes argues that the social contract is
● Created through a social contract where
made between the subjects and subjects,
individuals surrender certain freedoms in
not the subjects and the sovereign
exchange for security and protection
● The sovereign is not a party to the
● Absolute authority to enforce laws, maintain
contract, but rather the creation of this
order, and protect its citizens
contract
● An absolute sovereign was necessary to
● As a subject of the sovereign, he is the
prevent a return to the chaotic state of
author of all the ruler does and must not
nature
complain of any of the ruler's actions
○ While potentially absolute, was
justified by its ability to protect the ● Individuals, driven by self-interest and a
people from themselves and each fear of death, agree to surrender their
other rights to a sovereign ruler to escape the
Hobbes's philosophy prioritizes order and security "state of nature" - a chaotic state of war
above individual freedoms, arguing that a strong, ● A contract among the people themselves to
establish a sovereign
centralized authority is essential for a stable and
peaceful society
● Hobbes’ philosophy fails to acknowledge the
awful influence of power on human life
People came together and formed governments for
the purposes of mutual protection THE STATE
● Meant to protect people’s inalienable rights
● The most efficient and effective way of ● In contrast to Machiavellian philosophy, the
preserving people’s rights was ensuring that state is not one of logic, but of
their government could act with the speed convenience since it is the aptitude of the
and decisiveness necessary to take action state to produce the security and peace to
should their rights ever be threatened the people.
● In Aristotelian fashion, Hobbes believes
that monarchy as the best form of state
since it suffers less from competition for
"Is the Duterte government a perfect example of the office and power than aristocracies and
Leviathan?" democracies
● "It is easier for one than for many to act
● People want a knight in shiming armour to resolutely and consistently
save the day
● His administration was known for its intense,
often controversial, crackdown on crime and Laws of nature must be upheld by a ruler
● Humans need politics
drugs, alongside a highly centralized
● State is born from a social contract –
leadership style voluntary agreement to relinquish rights to
● His leadership style reflects aspects of maintain order and security
centralized power and the use of force to
maintain order
SOVEREIGN POWER
3
Sir Mikael Perez | 2025
1
representative government where power
emanates from the people
COVERAGE
● The rise of mercantilism paved the way for
a new form of economic system
The Enlightenment (capitalism) where private property is
1. Thomas Hobbes’ The Leviathan promoted among the new economic class
2. John Locke’s Two Treatises of Government (bourgeoisie)
3. Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s The Social Contract
(Du contrat social)
The Modern Period HOBBES: A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
4. Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations
5. Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels’ The Communist
● Born on April 5, 1588 in Westport, England
Manifesto (Manifest der Kommunistischen
where his father Thomas Sr. was the vicar
Partei)
(priest in the Anglican Church) of Charlton
and Westport
● Educated at Westport church, Malmesbury
1 HOBBES & THE LEVIATHAN school, and a private school kept by Robert
Latimer, an Oxford graduate.
● Initially studied at Magdalene College,
THE ENLIGHTENMENT Oxford where he studied scholastic logic
and physics. Completed his BA degree at
St. John's College, Cambridge
● Occurred after the Renaissance and during
● Became the tutor to the eldest son of Lord
the Protestant Reformation against the
Cavendish (the first earl of Devonshire) and
Catholic Church.
built strong connections with the family
● Europe was caught in various interstate
● In 1640, he fled to France due to fears of
wars against the rise of nationalism and
his royalist connections and went back to
imperialism.
England in 1651
○ Nationalism: idea that certain
● Wrote his greatest work, The Leviathan
groups with a common language,
(1651), upon his return as one of the first
ethnicity, or religion deserve to
political treatises written in the English
have a nation-state of their own
language
○ Imperialism: expansion of power
● Declared his submission to the new
through colonization and
republican regime in England until his
exploitation of other people
death in 1679
considered to be inferior
(Scramble for Africa)
● The Industrial Revolution brought THE LEVIATHAN
prosperity and economic development to
Great Britain which eventually became the
workshop of the world MAN AND THE STATE OF NATURE
● The British navy was considered to be the
most powerful navy in Europe, with
Napoleonic France an Wilhelmine Germany
ARISTOTLE HOBBES
as land powers trying to balance Britain in
continental Europe.
Man is a social creature Man is individualistic
● This resulted in the rise of liberal values
such as constitutionalism, human rights,
and the necessity to establish a ● “Man’s life in the state of nature is
solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short"
1
, Social Science 2 Finals
Sir Mikael Perez | 2025
2
○ The state of nature is something
where morals do not exist. According to Hobbes, the state of nature was like an
● The creation of government is necessary existence where each man lives for himself. It is
for man in order to escape from the state characterized by extreme competition and no one
of nature since man is more individualistic looks out for another. He believed that when people
than social. have unlimited freedom, it leads to chaos and a
○ Government was made willingly war-like scenario
○ Ppl only had the right to complain
about the absolute ruler (the
leviathan) if he directly threatened
to kill his subjects
● Man's primary motive is to promote his MORALS
self-preservation in order not to fall in the
state of nature
● Hobbes would rather people suck up bad MACHIAVELLI HOBBES
governence than have war because of his
very anti-violence nature Morals are irrelevant in Morals do not exist
● It is the duty of people to obey their ruler politics
despite the ruler being wicked
○ Men cant rule themselves so they
need a soverign power ● Hobbes believed that the state of nature
does not permit morals to exist
● "Being good as simply as which people
Hobbes was concerned with how people would act in desire and evil as which they avoid"
the absence of a common power - bad, brutish ○ What is considered "good" is
● Men are unable to cooperate with one simply what an individual desires,
another in the absence of a common power and "evil" is what they seek to
of state authority avoid
● Every individual wants to be recognized – ● There is a debate whether Hobbes
competition of honor believed that man is inherently evil since
● State of nature is a general state of only a sovereign can lift man out of the
insecurity and uncertainty with no legitimate state of nature
authority – safety is not guaranteed ● Recognition that self-preservation is best
● Thinks that every man is individualistic achieved through social cooperation
Right of nature – right of self-preservation ● Morality is not a set of universal or
● Laws of nature whicha re different from inherent principles but rather a system of
rights of nature are discoverable through rules imposed by a legitimate authority
reason and should be universal (anyone with
reason would come to the same conclusion)
● Laws of nature: we should treat others like NATURE OF MAN AND THE SOVEREIGN
how we wanna be treated – cooperate with
others and work together to form a good
● Mankind is inherently pessimistic since
society
the state of nature is always in a state of
General inclination of all humankind in the state of
constant war
nature to desire power after power
● In order for man to prevent himself from
● Without a common power, individuals act
falling into such, a sovereign authority
purely out of self-interest, leading to
(one man or a group of men) must be
perpetual conflict
created to whom all power is transferred
● The Leviathan is his concept of the ruler
where his absolute power is justified by
2
, Social Science 2 Finals
Sir Mikael Perez | 2025
3
consent of the governed, as agreed upon
by the social contract, in exchange for the
subjects to be obedient to the sovereign in
THE SOCIAL CONTRACT
all matters in exchange for the guarantee
of peace and security
● Hobbes argues that the social contract is
● Created through a social contract where
made between the subjects and subjects,
individuals surrender certain freedoms in
not the subjects and the sovereign
exchange for security and protection
● The sovereign is not a party to the
● Absolute authority to enforce laws, maintain
contract, but rather the creation of this
order, and protect its citizens
contract
● An absolute sovereign was necessary to
● As a subject of the sovereign, he is the
prevent a return to the chaotic state of
author of all the ruler does and must not
nature
complain of any of the ruler's actions
○ While potentially absolute, was
justified by its ability to protect the ● Individuals, driven by self-interest and a
people from themselves and each fear of death, agree to surrender their
other rights to a sovereign ruler to escape the
Hobbes's philosophy prioritizes order and security "state of nature" - a chaotic state of war
above individual freedoms, arguing that a strong, ● A contract among the people themselves to
establish a sovereign
centralized authority is essential for a stable and
peaceful society
● Hobbes’ philosophy fails to acknowledge the
awful influence of power on human life
People came together and formed governments for
the purposes of mutual protection THE STATE
● Meant to protect people’s inalienable rights
● The most efficient and effective way of ● In contrast to Machiavellian philosophy, the
preserving people’s rights was ensuring that state is not one of logic, but of
their government could act with the speed convenience since it is the aptitude of the
and decisiveness necessary to take action state to produce the security and peace to
should their rights ever be threatened the people.
● In Aristotelian fashion, Hobbes believes
that monarchy as the best form of state
since it suffers less from competition for
"Is the Duterte government a perfect example of the office and power than aristocracies and
Leviathan?" democracies
● "It is easier for one than for many to act
● People want a knight in shiming armour to resolutely and consistently
save the day
● His administration was known for its intense,
often controversial, crackdown on crime and Laws of nature must be upheld by a ruler
● Humans need politics
drugs, alongside a highly centralized
● State is born from a social contract –
leadership style voluntary agreement to relinquish rights to
● His leadership style reflects aspects of maintain order and security
centralized power and the use of force to
maintain order
SOVEREIGN POWER
3
