ORCOM 101 | TFC QUIZ #2
● PERMEABILITY → permeable boundaries
that allow information and materials to
flow in and out
COVERAGE ○ Level of permeability varies, but
all systems need at least a small
1. Systems & Cultural Approaches amount of it
2. Constitutive Approaches ○ EX: the human body needs to
beopen to its environment to take
in air, food, and water in order to
1 SYSTEMS & CULTURAL APPROACHES survive
SYSTEM PROCESSES
BACKGROUND
● Systems are characterized by
● Classical & Scientific Management = input-throughput-output processes
mechanistic metaphor ○ ILLUSTRATION: system inputs
● Human Relations & Human Resources = information through permeable
intelligent conceptualization of workers boundary → system puts it
● Systems metaphor = not self-contained through some kind of
machines but complex organisms that transformational process
must interact with their environment to (throughput) → returns
survive transformed output to the
● Cultural Metaphor = anthropological environment
approach; interlinked beliefs, behaviors, ● Characteristics of input-throughput-output
and artifacts ○ PROCESS OF EXCHANGE - both
input and output reuqare some
level of exchange with
SYSTEMS METAPHOR & SYSTEMS CONCEPTS environment
○ FEEDBACK - information that
● Originating from the field of biology and helps to facilitate the
engineering interdependent functioning of
● Ludwig von Beralanffy → interested in system components
study of living systems within biology ■ Negative feedback
● 1960s-1970s: peak of systems approach (deviation-reducing) →
in understanding organizational behavior info that helps maintain
and communication steady system of
functioning
● EX: supervisor
SYSTEM COMPONENTS notices an
employee make
SYSTEM DEFINED: assemlby of parts/components
a mistake so he
(i.e., people, departments)
corrects that
● HIERARCHICAL ORDERING → system
behavior
components are arragned with subsystems
■ Positive growth
and supersystems
(deviation-amplifying) →
● INTERDEPENDCE → one components of a
info that serves to
system relies on other componenets of the
change system
systems
functioning through
○ EX: brain needs blood → blood supplied by
growth & development
heart → heart needs oxygen → oxygen
● EX: supervisor
supplied by lungs
realizes that
1
, ORCOM 101 | TFC QUIZ #2
social media is
working in favor environment
of their brand so ● Throughput =
they focus more exchange among
efforts on system components
amplifying their
social media Feedback processes ● Corrective (negative)
presence feedback = keeps
system on steady
course
SYSTEM PROPERTIES ● Growth (positive)
feedback serves to
transform or cahnge
● HOLISM → A system is more than the sum of
a system
its parts
● EQUIFINALITY → A system can reach the
PROPERTIES PRINCIPLE
same final state from differing initial
conditions and by a variety of paths
○ Or simply, a system can have the Holism System is more than sum of
same outcome using different its parts
methods
● NEGATIVE ENTROPY → able to sustain itself Equinfinality There are multiple paths to
and grow due to flow of information and any system outcome
materials between the environment and
system Negative entropy System has ability to avoid
● REQUISITIVE VARIETY → internal workings deterioration and thrive
of hte system must be as diverse and
complicated as the environment it’s in Requisitive variety System should maintain
internal complexity
necessary to cope with
SUMMARY OF SYSTEMS BASICS external complexity
COMPONENTS PRINCIPLE
SYSTEMS APPROACH TO ORCOMM
Hierarchically ordered Consists of smaller
subsystems and is embedded
within larger supersystems
COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
Interdependent Components depend on each Network - links among components
other for effective ● PROPERTIES OF NETWORKS
functioning ○ Network content - stuff that is
flowing through the linkages
Permeable System should be open to ○ Network mode - communication
environment and components medium through which network
are open to each other linkages are maintained
○ Network density - more dense =
PROCESS PRINCIPLE more interconnections, less dense
(Input-Throughput-Output) = loosely interconnected
○ Level of analysis
Exchange processes ● Input and output = ■ Intraorganizational
exchange between networks - among
system and individuals within an
organization
2
● PERMEABILITY → permeable boundaries
that allow information and materials to
flow in and out
COVERAGE ○ Level of permeability varies, but
all systems need at least a small
1. Systems & Cultural Approaches amount of it
2. Constitutive Approaches ○ EX: the human body needs to
beopen to its environment to take
in air, food, and water in order to
1 SYSTEMS & CULTURAL APPROACHES survive
SYSTEM PROCESSES
BACKGROUND
● Systems are characterized by
● Classical & Scientific Management = input-throughput-output processes
mechanistic metaphor ○ ILLUSTRATION: system inputs
● Human Relations & Human Resources = information through permeable
intelligent conceptualization of workers boundary → system puts it
● Systems metaphor = not self-contained through some kind of
machines but complex organisms that transformational process
must interact with their environment to (throughput) → returns
survive transformed output to the
● Cultural Metaphor = anthropological environment
approach; interlinked beliefs, behaviors, ● Characteristics of input-throughput-output
and artifacts ○ PROCESS OF EXCHANGE - both
input and output reuqare some
level of exchange with
SYSTEMS METAPHOR & SYSTEMS CONCEPTS environment
○ FEEDBACK - information that
● Originating from the field of biology and helps to facilitate the
engineering interdependent functioning of
● Ludwig von Beralanffy → interested in system components
study of living systems within biology ■ Negative feedback
● 1960s-1970s: peak of systems approach (deviation-reducing) →
in understanding organizational behavior info that helps maintain
and communication steady system of
functioning
● EX: supervisor
SYSTEM COMPONENTS notices an
employee make
SYSTEM DEFINED: assemlby of parts/components
a mistake so he
(i.e., people, departments)
corrects that
● HIERARCHICAL ORDERING → system
behavior
components are arragned with subsystems
■ Positive growth
and supersystems
(deviation-amplifying) →
● INTERDEPENDCE → one components of a
info that serves to
system relies on other componenets of the
change system
systems
functioning through
○ EX: brain needs blood → blood supplied by
growth & development
heart → heart needs oxygen → oxygen
● EX: supervisor
supplied by lungs
realizes that
1
, ORCOM 101 | TFC QUIZ #2
social media is
working in favor environment
of their brand so ● Throughput =
they focus more exchange among
efforts on system components
amplifying their
social media Feedback processes ● Corrective (negative)
presence feedback = keeps
system on steady
course
SYSTEM PROPERTIES ● Growth (positive)
feedback serves to
transform or cahnge
● HOLISM → A system is more than the sum of
a system
its parts
● EQUIFINALITY → A system can reach the
PROPERTIES PRINCIPLE
same final state from differing initial
conditions and by a variety of paths
○ Or simply, a system can have the Holism System is more than sum of
same outcome using different its parts
methods
● NEGATIVE ENTROPY → able to sustain itself Equinfinality There are multiple paths to
and grow due to flow of information and any system outcome
materials between the environment and
system Negative entropy System has ability to avoid
● REQUISITIVE VARIETY → internal workings deterioration and thrive
of hte system must be as diverse and
complicated as the environment it’s in Requisitive variety System should maintain
internal complexity
necessary to cope with
SUMMARY OF SYSTEMS BASICS external complexity
COMPONENTS PRINCIPLE
SYSTEMS APPROACH TO ORCOMM
Hierarchically ordered Consists of smaller
subsystems and is embedded
within larger supersystems
COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
Interdependent Components depend on each Network - links among components
other for effective ● PROPERTIES OF NETWORKS
functioning ○ Network content - stuff that is
flowing through the linkages
Permeable System should be open to ○ Network mode - communication
environment and components medium through which network
are open to each other linkages are maintained
○ Network density - more dense =
PROCESS PRINCIPLE more interconnections, less dense
(Input-Throughput-Output) = loosely interconnected
○ Level of analysis
Exchange processes ● Input and output = ■ Intraorganizational
exchange between networks - among
system and individuals within an
organization
2
