DANTE LEVEL 2 FINAL PAPER QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
2025/2026
✔✔UDP - ✔✔Like "first class" mail, a message is put on the network and assumed to
be delivered successfully - no notification
Appropriate when communications are not likely to be interrupted (LAN), when a
missing packet in sequences can be overcome (error correction), or when timely
delivery and/or low overhead is a priority
UDP is ideal for real-time networks
✔✔Potential problems with TCP - ✔✔Creates additional overhead from confirmation
messages, increasing the likelihood of problems (not ideal for live Dante systems)
✔✔When Dante sends media across a network, which can be used? (select two)
- Unicast
- Multicast
- Broadcast - ✔✔Unicast or Multicast
✔✔IGMP Snooping - ✔✔A tool for managing multicast traffic
Without IGMP Snooping, Multicast behaves like Broadcast
✔✔Unicast - ✔✔One-to-one transmission that can cross a router for transmission
Signal must be duplicated to send to multiple destinations, which can cause strain on
transmitters and switches
Best latency performance
✔✔Broadcast - ✔✔One-to-all transmission that does not cross the router (contained to
LAN)
Generally used for locating devices (DHCP) rather than a means for communication
✔✔Multicast - ✔✔One-to-many transmission that does not cross the router (contained
to LAN)
Transmissions will only go to destinations that need the communications
Better bandwidth management as channel count rises
,✔✔IGMP Querier - ✔✔Keeps the master list of where all the Multicast subscriptions go
Only one switch should be assigned as the IGMP Querier
✔✔Which versions of IGMP Snooping are supported by Dante? - ✔✔IGMP Snooping v2
or v3
✔✔Latency for Unicast - ✔✔Greater than or equal to 0.25 msec
✔✔Latency for Multicast - ✔✔Greater than or equal to 1.00 msec
✔✔How many audio channels are sent in a Unicast package? - ✔✔4 channels (24-bit,
48kHz, 1msec latency)
✔✔How many audio channels are sent in a Multicast package? - ✔✔8 channels
✔✔How much bandwidth does a Unicast flow take up? - ✔✔5-6 Mbps
✔✔Dante Flows - ✔✔How Dante interfaces manage resources for subscriptions
✔✔Quality of Service (QoS) - ✔✔Establishes queues to prioritize some traffic over
others
The switch evaluates a "DSCP" tag
✔✔Which type of data is assigned the highest priority? - ✔✔Clocking
✔✔Which type of data is assigned medium priority? - ✔✔Audio / Video Data
✔✔Which type of data is assigned low priority? - ✔✔Control Data
✔✔Which type of data is assigned "best effort" priority? - ✔✔All data outside of
Clocking, Audio / Video, and Control Data (eg. Emails)
✔✔DSCP Tag - ✔✔Values assigned to incoming packages to describe priority level
Different tag values can be associated with priority levels 1-4, with 4 being highest
priority and 1 being lowest priority
✔✔When should QoS be considered? - ✔✔When using a converged network with non-
Dante traffic so that the Dante traffic can be prioritized
When ports are becoming saturated
, Helps 100Mbps ports to prioritize clocking and reduce jitter
✔✔Should QoS be set to Round Robin mode or Strict Priority mode? - ✔✔Strict Priority
Always serves the highest priority queue first
✔✔Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) - ✔✔One device follows the clock pulse of another
device
Works fine for two devices, but not for a full-scale system
✔✔What is the ideal means for clocking? - ✔✔Use an external clock and distribute that
to all devices
✔✔Video / Word Clock vs Time Code - ✔✔Video / Word Clock is like the pendulum of a
clock, giving the pace for processing frames or sample
Time Code is like the face of a clock, giving you a position on a timeline
✔✔Does Dante generate Video / Word Clock or Time Code? - ✔✔Dante only generates
Video / Word Clock
Dante does not generate Time Code because it is not a recorder, it is just a transport to
get information to your recorder
✔✔How does Automatic Clock Election work? - ✔✔Best Master Clock Algorithm
(BMCA) is used to assign a network clock master
Devices chasing an external clock are prioritized in the election process
The user can designate a device as a preferred leader to elevate it in the election
process
✔✔Are redundant networks set to separate subnets or the same subnet? - ✔✔Separate
subnets
A broadcast message from one network should not reach the other network
✔✔What is the most common issue when trying to set up a redundant network? - ✔✔A
device is left in switched / daisy chain mode
✔✔Best practice for setting up redundant networks - ✔✔Set up one network, then the
other
2025/2026
✔✔UDP - ✔✔Like "first class" mail, a message is put on the network and assumed to
be delivered successfully - no notification
Appropriate when communications are not likely to be interrupted (LAN), when a
missing packet in sequences can be overcome (error correction), or when timely
delivery and/or low overhead is a priority
UDP is ideal for real-time networks
✔✔Potential problems with TCP - ✔✔Creates additional overhead from confirmation
messages, increasing the likelihood of problems (not ideal for live Dante systems)
✔✔When Dante sends media across a network, which can be used? (select two)
- Unicast
- Multicast
- Broadcast - ✔✔Unicast or Multicast
✔✔IGMP Snooping - ✔✔A tool for managing multicast traffic
Without IGMP Snooping, Multicast behaves like Broadcast
✔✔Unicast - ✔✔One-to-one transmission that can cross a router for transmission
Signal must be duplicated to send to multiple destinations, which can cause strain on
transmitters and switches
Best latency performance
✔✔Broadcast - ✔✔One-to-all transmission that does not cross the router (contained to
LAN)
Generally used for locating devices (DHCP) rather than a means for communication
✔✔Multicast - ✔✔One-to-many transmission that does not cross the router (contained
to LAN)
Transmissions will only go to destinations that need the communications
Better bandwidth management as channel count rises
,✔✔IGMP Querier - ✔✔Keeps the master list of where all the Multicast subscriptions go
Only one switch should be assigned as the IGMP Querier
✔✔Which versions of IGMP Snooping are supported by Dante? - ✔✔IGMP Snooping v2
or v3
✔✔Latency for Unicast - ✔✔Greater than or equal to 0.25 msec
✔✔Latency for Multicast - ✔✔Greater than or equal to 1.00 msec
✔✔How many audio channels are sent in a Unicast package? - ✔✔4 channels (24-bit,
48kHz, 1msec latency)
✔✔How many audio channels are sent in a Multicast package? - ✔✔8 channels
✔✔How much bandwidth does a Unicast flow take up? - ✔✔5-6 Mbps
✔✔Dante Flows - ✔✔How Dante interfaces manage resources for subscriptions
✔✔Quality of Service (QoS) - ✔✔Establishes queues to prioritize some traffic over
others
The switch evaluates a "DSCP" tag
✔✔Which type of data is assigned the highest priority? - ✔✔Clocking
✔✔Which type of data is assigned medium priority? - ✔✔Audio / Video Data
✔✔Which type of data is assigned low priority? - ✔✔Control Data
✔✔Which type of data is assigned "best effort" priority? - ✔✔All data outside of
Clocking, Audio / Video, and Control Data (eg. Emails)
✔✔DSCP Tag - ✔✔Values assigned to incoming packages to describe priority level
Different tag values can be associated with priority levels 1-4, with 4 being highest
priority and 1 being lowest priority
✔✔When should QoS be considered? - ✔✔When using a converged network with non-
Dante traffic so that the Dante traffic can be prioritized
When ports are becoming saturated
, Helps 100Mbps ports to prioritize clocking and reduce jitter
✔✔Should QoS be set to Round Robin mode or Strict Priority mode? - ✔✔Strict Priority
Always serves the highest priority queue first
✔✔Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) - ✔✔One device follows the clock pulse of another
device
Works fine for two devices, but not for a full-scale system
✔✔What is the ideal means for clocking? - ✔✔Use an external clock and distribute that
to all devices
✔✔Video / Word Clock vs Time Code - ✔✔Video / Word Clock is like the pendulum of a
clock, giving the pace for processing frames or sample
Time Code is like the face of a clock, giving you a position on a timeline
✔✔Does Dante generate Video / Word Clock or Time Code? - ✔✔Dante only generates
Video / Word Clock
Dante does not generate Time Code because it is not a recorder, it is just a transport to
get information to your recorder
✔✔How does Automatic Clock Election work? - ✔✔Best Master Clock Algorithm
(BMCA) is used to assign a network clock master
Devices chasing an external clock are prioritized in the election process
The user can designate a device as a preferred leader to elevate it in the election
process
✔✔Are redundant networks set to separate subnets or the same subnet? - ✔✔Separate
subnets
A broadcast message from one network should not reach the other network
✔✔What is the most common issue when trying to set up a redundant network? - ✔✔A
device is left in switched / daisy chain mode
✔✔Best practice for setting up redundant networks - ✔✔Set up one network, then the
other
