PORTAGE LEARNING
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NURS
231/BIOD 331 FINAL EXAM ALL
VERSIONS 2025/2026 NEWEST
BANK COMPLETE QUESTIONS
WITH DETAILED VERIFIED
ANSWERS (100% CORRECT
ANSWERS) /A+ GRADE ASSURED
A client had an acute myocardial infarction. What assessment finding
indicates to the nurse that a significant complication has occurred?
a. Blood pressure that is 20 mm Hg below baseline
b. Oxygen saturation of 94% on room air
c. Poor peripheral pulses and cool skin
d. Urine output of 1.2 mL/kg/hr for 4 hours - ANSWER c. Poor
peripheral pulses and cool skin
Poor peripheral pulses and cool skin may be signs of impending
cardiogenic shock and should be reported
immediately. A blood pressure drop of 20 mm Hg is not worrisome. An
oxygen saturation of 94% is just
slightly below normal. A urine output of 1.2 mL/kg/hr for 4 hours is
normal.
A client presents to the emergency department with an acute myocardial
infarction (MI) at 1500 (3:00 PM). The facility has 24-hour
catheterization laboratory abilities. To meet The Joint Commissions Core
Measures set, by what time should the client have a percutaneous
coronary intervention performed?
a. 1530 (3:30 PM)
b. 1600 (4:00 PM)
c. 1630 (4:30 PM)
,d. 1700 (5:00 PM) - ANSWER c. 1630 (4:30 PM)
The Joint Commissions Core Measures set for MI includes percutaneous
coronary intervention within 90
minutes of diagnosis of myocardial infarction. Therefore, the client
should have a percutaneous coronary
intervention performed no later than 1630 (4:30 PM).
The provider requests the nurse start an infusion of an inotropic agent
like digoxin on a client. How does the nurse explain the action of these
drugs to the client and spouse?
a. It constricts vessels, improving blood flow.
b. It dilates vessels, which lessens the work of the heart.
c. It increases the force of the hearts contractions.
d. It slows the heart rate down for better filling. - ANSWER ANS: C
A positive inotrope is a medication that increases the strength of the
hearts contractions. The other options are not correct.
A client had an inferior wall myocardial infarction (MI). The nurse notes
the clients cardiac rhythm as sinus bradycardia. What action by the nurse
is most important?
a. Assess the clients blood pressure and level of consciousness.
b. Call the health care provider or the Rapid Response Team.
c. Obtain a permit for an emergency temporary pacemaker insertion.
d. Prepare to administer antidysrhythmic medication. - ANSWER ANS:
A
Clients with an inferior wall MI often have bradycardia and blocks that
lead to decreased perfusion, as seen in
this ECG strip showing sinus bradycardia. The nurse should first assess
the clients hemodynamic status,
including vital signs and level of consciousness. The client may or may
not need the Rapid Response Team, a
temporary pacemaker, or medication; there is no indication of this in the
question.
A nursing student learns about modifiable risk factors for coronary artery
disease. Which factors does this include? (Select all that apply.)
a. Age
b. Hypertension
c. Obesity
d. Smoking
e. Stress - ANSWER b. Hypertension
c. Obesity
,d. Smoking
e. Stress
*Hypertension, obesity, smoking, and excessive stress are all modifiable
risk factors for coronary artery disease. Age is a nonmodifiable risk factor.
A nurse is caring for a client who had coronary artery bypass grafting
yesterday. What actions does the nurse delegate to the unlicensed
assistive personnel (UAP)? (Select all that apply.)
a. Assist the client to the chair for meals and to the bathroom.
b. Encourage the client to use the spirometer every 4 hours.
c. Ensure the client wears TED hose or sequential compression devices.
d. Have the client rate pain on a 0-to-10 scale and report to the nurse.
e. Take and record a full set of vital signs per hospital protocol. -
ANSWER a. Assist the client to the chair for meals and to the bathroom.
c. Ensure the client wears TED hose or sequential compression devices.
e. Take and record a full set of vital signs per hospital protocol.
*The nurse can delegate assisting the client to get up in the chair or
ambulate to the bathroom, applying TEDs or sequential compression
devices, and recording vital signs. The spirometer should be used every
hour the day after surgery. Assessing pain using a 0-to-10 scale is a
nursing assessment, although if the client reports
pain, the UAP should inform the nurse so a more detailed assessment is
done.
A nursing student studying acute coronary syndromes learns that the pain
of a myocardial infarction (MI) differs from stable angina in what ways?
(Select all that apply.)
a. Accompanied by shortness of breath
b. Feelings of fear or anxiety
c. Lasts less than 15 minutes
d. No relief from taking nitroglycerin
e. Pain occurs without known cause - ANSWER a. Accompanied by
shortness of breath
b. Feelings of fear or anxiety
d. No relief from taking nitroglycerin
e. Pain occurs without known cause
*The pain from an MI is often accompanied by shortness of breath and
fear or anxiety. It lasts longer than 15 minutes and is not relieved by
nitroglycerin. It occurs without a known cause such as exertion.
, A client is 1 day postoperative after a coronary artery bypass graft. What
nonpharmacologic comfort measures does the nurse include when caring
for this client? (Select all that apply.)
a. Administer pain medication before ambulating.
b. Assist the client into a position of comfort in bed.
c. Encourage high-protein diet selections.
d. Provide complementary therapies such as music.
e. Remind the client to splint the incision when coughing. - ANSWER b.
Assist the client into a position of comfort in bed.
d. Provide complementary therapies such as music.
e. Remind the client to splint the incision when coughing.
Nonpharmacologic comfort measures can include positioning,
complementary therapies, and splinting the
chest incision. Medications are not nonpharmacologic. Food choices are
not comfort measures.
A nursing student planning to teach clients about risk factors for
coronary artery disease (CAD) would include which topics? (Select all
that apply.)
a. Advanced age
b. Diabetes
c. Ethnic background
d. Medication use
e. Smoking - ANSWER a. Advanced age
b. Diabetes
c. Ethnic background
e. Smoking
*Age, diabetes, ethnic background, and smoking are all risk factors for
developing CAD; medication use is not.
What are the normal's for the following labs
1) Urine Specific Gravity
2) Serum Osmolality
3) ABG (pH, HCO3, PaCO2, PaO2)
4) troponin I
5) electrolyte panel( Na+, K+, Ca+, Mg+)
6) BUN & Creatinine
7) CBC ( hgb, hct, RBC, WBC, platelets) - ANSWER 1) 1.000-1.030
2) 270-300
3) pH 7.35-7.45// HC03 22-26// PaCO2 35-45// Pa02 80-100
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NURS
231/BIOD 331 FINAL EXAM ALL
VERSIONS 2025/2026 NEWEST
BANK COMPLETE QUESTIONS
WITH DETAILED VERIFIED
ANSWERS (100% CORRECT
ANSWERS) /A+ GRADE ASSURED
A client had an acute myocardial infarction. What assessment finding
indicates to the nurse that a significant complication has occurred?
a. Blood pressure that is 20 mm Hg below baseline
b. Oxygen saturation of 94% on room air
c. Poor peripheral pulses and cool skin
d. Urine output of 1.2 mL/kg/hr for 4 hours - ANSWER c. Poor
peripheral pulses and cool skin
Poor peripheral pulses and cool skin may be signs of impending
cardiogenic shock and should be reported
immediately. A blood pressure drop of 20 mm Hg is not worrisome. An
oxygen saturation of 94% is just
slightly below normal. A urine output of 1.2 mL/kg/hr for 4 hours is
normal.
A client presents to the emergency department with an acute myocardial
infarction (MI) at 1500 (3:00 PM). The facility has 24-hour
catheterization laboratory abilities. To meet The Joint Commissions Core
Measures set, by what time should the client have a percutaneous
coronary intervention performed?
a. 1530 (3:30 PM)
b. 1600 (4:00 PM)
c. 1630 (4:30 PM)
,d. 1700 (5:00 PM) - ANSWER c. 1630 (4:30 PM)
The Joint Commissions Core Measures set for MI includes percutaneous
coronary intervention within 90
minutes of diagnosis of myocardial infarction. Therefore, the client
should have a percutaneous coronary
intervention performed no later than 1630 (4:30 PM).
The provider requests the nurse start an infusion of an inotropic agent
like digoxin on a client. How does the nurse explain the action of these
drugs to the client and spouse?
a. It constricts vessels, improving blood flow.
b. It dilates vessels, which lessens the work of the heart.
c. It increases the force of the hearts contractions.
d. It slows the heart rate down for better filling. - ANSWER ANS: C
A positive inotrope is a medication that increases the strength of the
hearts contractions. The other options are not correct.
A client had an inferior wall myocardial infarction (MI). The nurse notes
the clients cardiac rhythm as sinus bradycardia. What action by the nurse
is most important?
a. Assess the clients blood pressure and level of consciousness.
b. Call the health care provider or the Rapid Response Team.
c. Obtain a permit for an emergency temporary pacemaker insertion.
d. Prepare to administer antidysrhythmic medication. - ANSWER ANS:
A
Clients with an inferior wall MI often have bradycardia and blocks that
lead to decreased perfusion, as seen in
this ECG strip showing sinus bradycardia. The nurse should first assess
the clients hemodynamic status,
including vital signs and level of consciousness. The client may or may
not need the Rapid Response Team, a
temporary pacemaker, or medication; there is no indication of this in the
question.
A nursing student learns about modifiable risk factors for coronary artery
disease. Which factors does this include? (Select all that apply.)
a. Age
b. Hypertension
c. Obesity
d. Smoking
e. Stress - ANSWER b. Hypertension
c. Obesity
,d. Smoking
e. Stress
*Hypertension, obesity, smoking, and excessive stress are all modifiable
risk factors for coronary artery disease. Age is a nonmodifiable risk factor.
A nurse is caring for a client who had coronary artery bypass grafting
yesterday. What actions does the nurse delegate to the unlicensed
assistive personnel (UAP)? (Select all that apply.)
a. Assist the client to the chair for meals and to the bathroom.
b. Encourage the client to use the spirometer every 4 hours.
c. Ensure the client wears TED hose or sequential compression devices.
d. Have the client rate pain on a 0-to-10 scale and report to the nurse.
e. Take and record a full set of vital signs per hospital protocol. -
ANSWER a. Assist the client to the chair for meals and to the bathroom.
c. Ensure the client wears TED hose or sequential compression devices.
e. Take and record a full set of vital signs per hospital protocol.
*The nurse can delegate assisting the client to get up in the chair or
ambulate to the bathroom, applying TEDs or sequential compression
devices, and recording vital signs. The spirometer should be used every
hour the day after surgery. Assessing pain using a 0-to-10 scale is a
nursing assessment, although if the client reports
pain, the UAP should inform the nurse so a more detailed assessment is
done.
A nursing student studying acute coronary syndromes learns that the pain
of a myocardial infarction (MI) differs from stable angina in what ways?
(Select all that apply.)
a. Accompanied by shortness of breath
b. Feelings of fear or anxiety
c. Lasts less than 15 minutes
d. No relief from taking nitroglycerin
e. Pain occurs without known cause - ANSWER a. Accompanied by
shortness of breath
b. Feelings of fear or anxiety
d. No relief from taking nitroglycerin
e. Pain occurs without known cause
*The pain from an MI is often accompanied by shortness of breath and
fear or anxiety. It lasts longer than 15 minutes and is not relieved by
nitroglycerin. It occurs without a known cause such as exertion.
, A client is 1 day postoperative after a coronary artery bypass graft. What
nonpharmacologic comfort measures does the nurse include when caring
for this client? (Select all that apply.)
a. Administer pain medication before ambulating.
b. Assist the client into a position of comfort in bed.
c. Encourage high-protein diet selections.
d. Provide complementary therapies such as music.
e. Remind the client to splint the incision when coughing. - ANSWER b.
Assist the client into a position of comfort in bed.
d. Provide complementary therapies such as music.
e. Remind the client to splint the incision when coughing.
Nonpharmacologic comfort measures can include positioning,
complementary therapies, and splinting the
chest incision. Medications are not nonpharmacologic. Food choices are
not comfort measures.
A nursing student planning to teach clients about risk factors for
coronary artery disease (CAD) would include which topics? (Select all
that apply.)
a. Advanced age
b. Diabetes
c. Ethnic background
d. Medication use
e. Smoking - ANSWER a. Advanced age
b. Diabetes
c. Ethnic background
e. Smoking
*Age, diabetes, ethnic background, and smoking are all risk factors for
developing CAD; medication use is not.
What are the normal's for the following labs
1) Urine Specific Gravity
2) Serum Osmolality
3) ABG (pH, HCO3, PaCO2, PaO2)
4) troponin I
5) electrolyte panel( Na+, K+, Ca+, Mg+)
6) BUN & Creatinine
7) CBC ( hgb, hct, RBC, WBC, platelets) - ANSWER 1) 1.000-1.030
2) 270-300
3) pH 7.35-7.45// HC03 22-26// PaCO2 35-45// Pa02 80-100
