BIO 182 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS (RATED A+)
Scientific Method Definition - ANSWERDeliberate and unbiased way of asking and
answering questions about the natural world
What are the steps to the scientific method? - ANSWERObservation, hypothesis,
prediction, experiments of new observations, and theory
Hyperthermophiles - ANSWERLove high heat
What are examples of Extremophiles - ANSWERArchaea; they love extreme habitats
Acidophiles - ANSWERLove acid
Protista - ANSWERSimple, predominately unicellular and have a wide variety of
methods to obtain nutrients (Ex Algae
Plantae - ANSWERMulticellular, contain cell walls, obtain energy by photosynthesis
and absorption
Animalia - ANSWERMulticellular, organized tissues, obtain nutrients by ingestion.
Examples: sponges, worms, vertebrates, insects etc.
Essential Cell Features - ANSWERAn ability to store and transmit information, a
plasma membrane that creates a distinct boundary separating the cell interior from
the external environment, and an ability to harness materials and energy from the
environment.
Which of these shapes (rod or cocci) would higher rates of oxygen supply to the
interior of the cell? - ANSWERRod; the cocci is larger therefore, it would take longer
for the nutrients to reach the middle
What is the purpose of the gradient of environmental signals within multicellular
organisms? - ANSWEROnly surface cells are in direct contact with the outside
environment. Interior cells are exposed to a different physical and chemical
environment because nutrients, oxygen, and light become less abundant with
increasing depth within tissues.
evo-devo - ANSWERThe short name for evolutionary-developmental biology, a field
of study that compares the genetic programs for growth and development in species
on different branches of phylogenetic reconstructions.
,Gastrulation - ANSWERthe movement of cells during embryogenesis that in animals
transforms a blastula to a gastrula.
Observation - ANSWERAllows us to ask focused questions about nature
Hypothesis - ANSWERstatement about nature that can be tested by experiments
and observations. They r testable because made future predictions about
observations
How has life evolved? - ANSWERBy means of natural selection
Test Group - ANSWERResearchers will add in variables into one group that might
have some sort of effect
Control Group - ANSWERExpectation that no effect will occur
Variable - ANSWERFeature of an experiment that is changed by experimentor from
one treatment to the next
Characteristics of Life - ANSWERReproduction, homeostasis, growth and
development, energy utilization, evolutionary adaptation, and response
What ensures the baseline and assures the experiment that everything is working as
it should - ANSWERThe control group assures everything is working fine
organization/order - ANSWERLarger parts are made up of smaller parts, each with a
designated part
Metabolism - ANSWERLiving organisms must do chemical reactions for the purpose
of growth, development and energy utilization
Hierarchy of Higher Life - ANSWERAtom, molecules, macromolecules, organelles,
cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, Multi-organ systems
Resposiveness - ANSWEROrganisms must respond to external stimulus by making
internal changes (homeostasis)
Homeostasis - ANSWERMaintaining constant internal conditions based on external
stimulus
Acclimization - ANSWERChanging in the cells, tissues, and organs to support
homeostasis
Theory - ANSWERGeneral explanation of a natural phenomenon supported by a
large body of experiments and observations (good hypothesis + predicted outcomes)
What's the difference between the living and nonliving environment? -
ANSWERLiving and nonliving worlds share the same chemical foundations and obey
the same physical laws. There is nothing special about our chemical components
when taken individually. However, the relative abundance of elements differ greatly.
,What does the Earth's crust mainly consist of? - ANSWEROxygen and silicon with
significant amounts of Aluminum, iron, and calcium.
What do organisms mainly consist of - ANSWERcarbon, oxygen, hydrogen and
nitrogen
True or False: living and nonliving worlds follow the same chemical rules as living
things - ANSWERTrue all living things are subjected to the same physical laws of
nature however the relative abundances in living and nonliving things greatly differ
First Law of Thermodynamics - ANSWEREnergy cannot be destroyed or created
only transformed. All organisms obtain energy from organic compounds or the sun.
second law of thermodynamics - ANSWERdegree of disorder (entropy) in the
universe tends to increase.
Why aren't viruses considered a living organism - ANSWERThey don't have the
ability to harness energy from the environment, they require cells as hosts in order to
read and use the information contained in their genetic material, and they require
cells as hosts in order to replicate.
When is there evolution? - ANSWERWhen there is variation within a population of
organisms, and, that variation can be inherited, the variants best able to grow and
reproduce in a particular environment, they will contribute disproportionately to the
next generation, which leads to a change in the population over time.
Prokaryotes - ANSWERLack membrane bound organelles. Unicellular. Lack a
membrane bound nucleus. Generally contain simple genomes. Lack introns. Less
number of genes relative to eukaryotes
What is considered prokaryotes? - ANSWERBacteria and Archaea
Do prokaryotes have a plasma membrane? - ANSWERYes everything has a plasma
membrane
Eukaryotes - ANSWERCan be unicellular or multi-cellular, contain membrane bound
organelles, organelles, and a membrane bound nucleus Introns are spliced, linear
chromosomes, and large numbers of genes
What is considered to be eukaryotes - ANSWERAnimals, plants, fungi, and protists
What are the three domains of life - ANSWERProkaryotes, Eukaryotes, and Archaea
Bacteria Domain (Eubacteria Kingdom) - ANSWERBacteria are prokaryotic, plasma
membrane composed of fatty acid chains (phospholipid layers), and cell walls
contain peptidoglycan. Gram positive vs negative, and Circular, double stranded
DNA
, Archaea Domain - ANSWERProkaryotic, cell membrane composed of branded
hydrocarbon chains (Distict from both eukaryotes and bacteria.) Cell walls do NOT
contain peptidoglycan. The cell wall component between species, but is often
polysaccharides (many sugars) or glycoproteins. They contain circular DNA
Extreme Halo philesphiles - ANSWERLove salt. They live very salty water
Which of the following types of organisms are based on cellular life? - ANSWERAll
living organisms are based on cells
Which of the following types of organisms most likely resembles the first cells on
Earth? - ANSWERArchaea/Bacteria
How to read phylogenetic Trees - ANSWERThe root of the tree represents the
ancestral lineage, the tips represent the descendants of that ancestor. As you move
from the root to the tips, you are moving forward in time
Nodes - ANSWERCommon ancestor (bottom of the phylogenetic trees)
Phylogenetic trees are what - ANSWERHypotheses about the evolution of species
based on data
Evolution - ANSWERSpecies evolve over time due to environmental factors and
genetic variation
Natural Selection - ANSWERGenetic variation (inheritable) that introduces mutations
beneficial for survival will selectively out-complete mutations that diminish survival
How does variation arise - ANSWERMutations in the DNA
How are mutations in DNA caused - ANSWERSexual reproduction, errors in DNA
duplication, errors in meiosis, environmental factors (UV radiation)
What happens when those mutations are favorable in the environment? -
ANSWERThe advantages traits will slowly take over the species
What happens when they are not favorable in the environment? - ANSWERThe
genes will die off; unless there is artificial selection (technology) to interfere
Evolution of species - ANSWEROrganisms are evolving over time. Genetic variation
is random, and natural selection leads to variations surviving in a population
Every day evidence of Evolution - ANSWERWe have observed evolution such as the
Elena and Lenski experiment (E. Coli) Many other studies on rapidly reproducing
species have been done.
Francisco Redi Experiment - ANSWERSupported the hypothesis that life can only
come from living organisms by using flies
ANSWERS (RATED A+)
Scientific Method Definition - ANSWERDeliberate and unbiased way of asking and
answering questions about the natural world
What are the steps to the scientific method? - ANSWERObservation, hypothesis,
prediction, experiments of new observations, and theory
Hyperthermophiles - ANSWERLove high heat
What are examples of Extremophiles - ANSWERArchaea; they love extreme habitats
Acidophiles - ANSWERLove acid
Protista - ANSWERSimple, predominately unicellular and have a wide variety of
methods to obtain nutrients (Ex Algae
Plantae - ANSWERMulticellular, contain cell walls, obtain energy by photosynthesis
and absorption
Animalia - ANSWERMulticellular, organized tissues, obtain nutrients by ingestion.
Examples: sponges, worms, vertebrates, insects etc.
Essential Cell Features - ANSWERAn ability to store and transmit information, a
plasma membrane that creates a distinct boundary separating the cell interior from
the external environment, and an ability to harness materials and energy from the
environment.
Which of these shapes (rod or cocci) would higher rates of oxygen supply to the
interior of the cell? - ANSWERRod; the cocci is larger therefore, it would take longer
for the nutrients to reach the middle
What is the purpose of the gradient of environmental signals within multicellular
organisms? - ANSWEROnly surface cells are in direct contact with the outside
environment. Interior cells are exposed to a different physical and chemical
environment because nutrients, oxygen, and light become less abundant with
increasing depth within tissues.
evo-devo - ANSWERThe short name for evolutionary-developmental biology, a field
of study that compares the genetic programs for growth and development in species
on different branches of phylogenetic reconstructions.
,Gastrulation - ANSWERthe movement of cells during embryogenesis that in animals
transforms a blastula to a gastrula.
Observation - ANSWERAllows us to ask focused questions about nature
Hypothesis - ANSWERstatement about nature that can be tested by experiments
and observations. They r testable because made future predictions about
observations
How has life evolved? - ANSWERBy means of natural selection
Test Group - ANSWERResearchers will add in variables into one group that might
have some sort of effect
Control Group - ANSWERExpectation that no effect will occur
Variable - ANSWERFeature of an experiment that is changed by experimentor from
one treatment to the next
Characteristics of Life - ANSWERReproduction, homeostasis, growth and
development, energy utilization, evolutionary adaptation, and response
What ensures the baseline and assures the experiment that everything is working as
it should - ANSWERThe control group assures everything is working fine
organization/order - ANSWERLarger parts are made up of smaller parts, each with a
designated part
Metabolism - ANSWERLiving organisms must do chemical reactions for the purpose
of growth, development and energy utilization
Hierarchy of Higher Life - ANSWERAtom, molecules, macromolecules, organelles,
cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, Multi-organ systems
Resposiveness - ANSWEROrganisms must respond to external stimulus by making
internal changes (homeostasis)
Homeostasis - ANSWERMaintaining constant internal conditions based on external
stimulus
Acclimization - ANSWERChanging in the cells, tissues, and organs to support
homeostasis
Theory - ANSWERGeneral explanation of a natural phenomenon supported by a
large body of experiments and observations (good hypothesis + predicted outcomes)
What's the difference between the living and nonliving environment? -
ANSWERLiving and nonliving worlds share the same chemical foundations and obey
the same physical laws. There is nothing special about our chemical components
when taken individually. However, the relative abundance of elements differ greatly.
,What does the Earth's crust mainly consist of? - ANSWEROxygen and silicon with
significant amounts of Aluminum, iron, and calcium.
What do organisms mainly consist of - ANSWERcarbon, oxygen, hydrogen and
nitrogen
True or False: living and nonliving worlds follow the same chemical rules as living
things - ANSWERTrue all living things are subjected to the same physical laws of
nature however the relative abundances in living and nonliving things greatly differ
First Law of Thermodynamics - ANSWEREnergy cannot be destroyed or created
only transformed. All organisms obtain energy from organic compounds or the sun.
second law of thermodynamics - ANSWERdegree of disorder (entropy) in the
universe tends to increase.
Why aren't viruses considered a living organism - ANSWERThey don't have the
ability to harness energy from the environment, they require cells as hosts in order to
read and use the information contained in their genetic material, and they require
cells as hosts in order to replicate.
When is there evolution? - ANSWERWhen there is variation within a population of
organisms, and, that variation can be inherited, the variants best able to grow and
reproduce in a particular environment, they will contribute disproportionately to the
next generation, which leads to a change in the population over time.
Prokaryotes - ANSWERLack membrane bound organelles. Unicellular. Lack a
membrane bound nucleus. Generally contain simple genomes. Lack introns. Less
number of genes relative to eukaryotes
What is considered prokaryotes? - ANSWERBacteria and Archaea
Do prokaryotes have a plasma membrane? - ANSWERYes everything has a plasma
membrane
Eukaryotes - ANSWERCan be unicellular or multi-cellular, contain membrane bound
organelles, organelles, and a membrane bound nucleus Introns are spliced, linear
chromosomes, and large numbers of genes
What is considered to be eukaryotes - ANSWERAnimals, plants, fungi, and protists
What are the three domains of life - ANSWERProkaryotes, Eukaryotes, and Archaea
Bacteria Domain (Eubacteria Kingdom) - ANSWERBacteria are prokaryotic, plasma
membrane composed of fatty acid chains (phospholipid layers), and cell walls
contain peptidoglycan. Gram positive vs negative, and Circular, double stranded
DNA
, Archaea Domain - ANSWERProkaryotic, cell membrane composed of branded
hydrocarbon chains (Distict from both eukaryotes and bacteria.) Cell walls do NOT
contain peptidoglycan. The cell wall component between species, but is often
polysaccharides (many sugars) or glycoproteins. They contain circular DNA
Extreme Halo philesphiles - ANSWERLove salt. They live very salty water
Which of the following types of organisms are based on cellular life? - ANSWERAll
living organisms are based on cells
Which of the following types of organisms most likely resembles the first cells on
Earth? - ANSWERArchaea/Bacteria
How to read phylogenetic Trees - ANSWERThe root of the tree represents the
ancestral lineage, the tips represent the descendants of that ancestor. As you move
from the root to the tips, you are moving forward in time
Nodes - ANSWERCommon ancestor (bottom of the phylogenetic trees)
Phylogenetic trees are what - ANSWERHypotheses about the evolution of species
based on data
Evolution - ANSWERSpecies evolve over time due to environmental factors and
genetic variation
Natural Selection - ANSWERGenetic variation (inheritable) that introduces mutations
beneficial for survival will selectively out-complete mutations that diminish survival
How does variation arise - ANSWERMutations in the DNA
How are mutations in DNA caused - ANSWERSexual reproduction, errors in DNA
duplication, errors in meiosis, environmental factors (UV radiation)
What happens when those mutations are favorable in the environment? -
ANSWERThe advantages traits will slowly take over the species
What happens when they are not favorable in the environment? - ANSWERThe
genes will die off; unless there is artificial selection (technology) to interfere
Evolution of species - ANSWEROrganisms are evolving over time. Genetic variation
is random, and natural selection leads to variations surviving in a population
Every day evidence of Evolution - ANSWERWe have observed evolution such as the
Elena and Lenski experiment (E. Coli) Many other studies on rapidly reproducing
species have been done.
Francisco Redi Experiment - ANSWERSupported the hypothesis that life can only
come from living organisms by using flies
