BIO 182 EXAM 2 STHULTZ QUESTIONS
& ANSWERS (GRADED A)
What is systematics? - ANSWERStudy of biological diversity and the evolutionary
relationships among organisms, both extinct and modern
What is Taxonomy? - ANSWERScience of describing, naming, and classifying living
and extinct organisms and viruses
What is population genetics? - ANSWERStudy of genes and genotypes in a
population
Explain a gene pool - ANSWERAll of the alleles for every gene in a given population
What Scientist wrote "The Origin of Species", the seminal book about evolution? -
ANSWERCharles Darwin
What are the three observations about the natural world Darwin expressed in the
book? - ANSWER-Life shows rich diversity.
-There are similarities in life that allow the classification of organisms into groups
nested within broader groups.
-Organisms display many striking ways in which they are suited for their
environments
Define Natural Selection. - ANSWERNatural selection is a process in which
organisms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and
reproduce than are individuals with other characteristics.
At what level of life's organization does evolution take place at? Why can evolution
not be at the level of the individual (what does an individual lack that must be present
for evolution to take place)? - ANSWERevolution you must have variation and an
individual does not have variation in a single trait.
What are the 8 categories of taxonomic hierarchy (in order from species upward to
broader classifications)? - ANSWERSpecies, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum,
Kingdom, Domain
Who is the scientist that proposed the current two-part naming system for each
species? - ANSWERCarolus Linnaeus
What are the two parts of any Latinized binomial name? - ANSWERGenus species
, What is a phylogenetic tree and what is it used for (or what is phylogeny)? -
ANSWER-evolutionary history of a species or group of species
-To propose a phylogeny, biologists use the tools of systematics
What are the two ways a new species can be formed? - ANSWER-Anagenesis -
single species evolves into a different species
-Cladogenesis - a species diverges into two or more species
What is Homology? - ANSWERSimilarities among various species that occur
because they are derived from a common ancestor
What does cladistics compare? - ANSWERStudy and classification of species based
on evolutionary relationships
-considering the various possible pathways of changes and then choosing the tree
that requires the least complex explanation
What is the difference between a primitive character and a derived character? -
ANSWER-Primitive: Shared by two or more different taxa and inherited from
ancestors older than their last common ancestor
-Derived: Shared by two or more species or taxa and has originated in their most
recent common ancestor
Be able to explain and put in a time frame some of the major episodes in the history
of life on earth. (The clock analogy) - ANSWER-13.7 bya - Universe began with the
Big Bang
-4.6 bya -- Our solar system began
-The Earth is 4.55 billion years old
-4 bya - Earth had cooled enough for outer layers to solidify and oceans to form
-between 4 and 3.5 bya - Life emerged
What organisms, and process they perform, would be responsible for the
accumulation of atmospheric oxygen about 2.8 billion years ago? -
ANSWERProkaryotes
What are protists? - ANSWEReukaryotes that are not fungi, animals, or plants,
mostly unicellular, and
ancestral to all other eukaryotes.
Explain the two-stage hypothesis for the origin of Eukaryotic cells, and be able to
define endosymbiosis. - ANSWERSymbiosis is a more general association between
organisms of two or more species
-Endosymbiosis: refers to one species living inside another host species and
is the process by which eukaryotes gained mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Understand how protists can be seen as the link between unicellular and
multicellular life. - ANSWER-An ancestral colony may have formed when a cell
divided and remained attached to offspring
-Cells in the colony may have become specialized and interdependent
-Additional specialization may have led to sex cells and nonereproductive cells
& ANSWERS (GRADED A)
What is systematics? - ANSWERStudy of biological diversity and the evolutionary
relationships among organisms, both extinct and modern
What is Taxonomy? - ANSWERScience of describing, naming, and classifying living
and extinct organisms and viruses
What is population genetics? - ANSWERStudy of genes and genotypes in a
population
Explain a gene pool - ANSWERAll of the alleles for every gene in a given population
What Scientist wrote "The Origin of Species", the seminal book about evolution? -
ANSWERCharles Darwin
What are the three observations about the natural world Darwin expressed in the
book? - ANSWER-Life shows rich diversity.
-There are similarities in life that allow the classification of organisms into groups
nested within broader groups.
-Organisms display many striking ways in which they are suited for their
environments
Define Natural Selection. - ANSWERNatural selection is a process in which
organisms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and
reproduce than are individuals with other characteristics.
At what level of life's organization does evolution take place at? Why can evolution
not be at the level of the individual (what does an individual lack that must be present
for evolution to take place)? - ANSWERevolution you must have variation and an
individual does not have variation in a single trait.
What are the 8 categories of taxonomic hierarchy (in order from species upward to
broader classifications)? - ANSWERSpecies, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum,
Kingdom, Domain
Who is the scientist that proposed the current two-part naming system for each
species? - ANSWERCarolus Linnaeus
What are the two parts of any Latinized binomial name? - ANSWERGenus species
, What is a phylogenetic tree and what is it used for (or what is phylogeny)? -
ANSWER-evolutionary history of a species or group of species
-To propose a phylogeny, biologists use the tools of systematics
What are the two ways a new species can be formed? - ANSWER-Anagenesis -
single species evolves into a different species
-Cladogenesis - a species diverges into two or more species
What is Homology? - ANSWERSimilarities among various species that occur
because they are derived from a common ancestor
What does cladistics compare? - ANSWERStudy and classification of species based
on evolutionary relationships
-considering the various possible pathways of changes and then choosing the tree
that requires the least complex explanation
What is the difference between a primitive character and a derived character? -
ANSWER-Primitive: Shared by two or more different taxa and inherited from
ancestors older than their last common ancestor
-Derived: Shared by two or more species or taxa and has originated in their most
recent common ancestor
Be able to explain and put in a time frame some of the major episodes in the history
of life on earth. (The clock analogy) - ANSWER-13.7 bya - Universe began with the
Big Bang
-4.6 bya -- Our solar system began
-The Earth is 4.55 billion years old
-4 bya - Earth had cooled enough for outer layers to solidify and oceans to form
-between 4 and 3.5 bya - Life emerged
What organisms, and process they perform, would be responsible for the
accumulation of atmospheric oxygen about 2.8 billion years ago? -
ANSWERProkaryotes
What are protists? - ANSWEReukaryotes that are not fungi, animals, or plants,
mostly unicellular, and
ancestral to all other eukaryotes.
Explain the two-stage hypothesis for the origin of Eukaryotic cells, and be able to
define endosymbiosis. - ANSWERSymbiosis is a more general association between
organisms of two or more species
-Endosymbiosis: refers to one species living inside another host species and
is the process by which eukaryotes gained mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Understand how protists can be seen as the link between unicellular and
multicellular life. - ANSWER-An ancestral colony may have formed when a cell
divided and remained attached to offspring
-Cells in the colony may have become specialized and interdependent
-Additional specialization may have led to sex cells and nonereproductive cells
