ANSWER KEYS INCLUDED
WORKBOOK
,Contents
Chapter 1
Organization and General Plan of the Body 1
Chapter 2
Some Basic Chemistry 15
Chapter 3
Cells 30
Chapter 4
Tissues and Membranes 44
Chapter 5
The Integumentary System 56
Chapter 6
The Skeletal System 66
Chapter 7
The Muscular System 89
Chapter 8
The Nervous System 107
Chapter 9
The Senses 130
Chapter 10
The Endocrine System 146
Chapter 11
Blood 168
Chapter 12
The Heart 184
Chapter 13
The Vascular System 199
Chapter 14
The Lymphatic System and Immunity 218
xi
,A L G R A WA N Y
xii Contents
Chapter 15
The Respiratory System 234
Chapter 16
The Digestive System 252
Chapter 17
Body Temperatur e and Metabolism 272
Chapter 18
The Urinary System 283
Chapter 19
Fluid-Electr olyte and Acid-Base Balance 301
Chapter 20
The Repr oductive Systems 313
Chapter 21
Human Development and Genetics 329
Chapter 22
An Intr oduction to Micr obiology and Human Disease 343
Answer Key 353
,Chapter 1
Organization and General
Plan of the Body
This chapter describes how the body is organized, from simple to more complex levels. The terminology
used to describe the body is also presented in this chapter.
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Complete each statement and give appropriate examples.
1. a) The simplest level of organization is the level.
b) Give three examples of organic chemicals. , , and
c) Give three examples of inorganic chemicals. , ,
and
2. a) The most complex level of organization is the level.
b) Give three examples of this level. , ,
and
3. a) The simplest living level of organization is the level.
b) When cells with similar structure and function are grouped and work together, they form a
.
c) A group of tissues that is arranged in a particular way to accomplish specific functions is called an
.
4. Match each group of tissues with its function (a letter) and its example in the body (a number).
Each letter and number are used once.
Epithelial tissue Functions
A. Supports, transports, or stores materials
Connective tissue
B. Contracts and brings about movement
Muscle tissue C. Transmits impulses that regulate body functions
D. Covers or lines surfaces
Nerve tissue
Examples
1. The lining of the stomach and the epidermis of the skin
2. The heart and skeletal muscles
3. Bone, blood
4. Spinal cord, brain
1
,A L G R A WA N Y
2 Organization and General Plan of the Body
5. a) The structure of a tissue or cell or organ is called its . The function of the tissue, cell,
or organ is called its .
b) Describe one way the physiology of a bone (an organ) is related to its anatomy.
6. a) The collective name for all of the beneficial bacteria (and other microorganisms) that live on or in human beings
is or .
b) The different environmental sites the human body provides, and the bacteria that inhabit them, are called
. Give three examples: , , and
METABOLISM AND HOMEOSTASIS
Complete each statement.
1. a) Metabolism is all of the reactions and changes that take place
in the body.
b) The amount of heat and energy produced by the body per unit of time is the .
2. A person who is in a state of homeostasis may also be said to be in a state of good .
3. Homeostasis means that despite constant changes, the body remains relatively .
4. Changes that affect the body may take place where? or
5. For each of the changes listed, describe in simple terms what will happen to maintain homeostasis. (Note: Some
responses may include conscious decisions.)
1) Eating lunch
2) Inhaling
3) Having a headache
4) Cutting your finger
5) Going outside on a cold day
6. Number the following events as they would occur in a negative feedback mechanism.
1 Stimulus
Stimulus occurs again
Response by the body increases
Response by the body decreases
Stimulus is decreased
7. Briefly explain how a positive feedback mechanism differs from a negative feedback mechanism.
, Organization and General Plan of the Body 3
8. The following diagram depicts negative and positive feedback mechanisms.
Label the parts indicated.
Hypothalamus
and pituitary
1 gland
2 6 5
Decreases
secretion of
thyroxine
3
Thyroid gland
4
Metabolic rate Cells increase
Increase secretion
decreases energy
of hormones
production
A. Negative feedback mechanism
Hypothalamus
8
Cells increase Metabolic
heat production rate increases
7
Bacteria
9
Stimulates Inhibits Leads to
B. Positive feedback mechanism
,A L G R A WA N Y
4 Organization and General Plan of the Body
TERMS OF LOCATION
Define each term given and provide the term with the opposite meaning.
1. Inferior: 5. Superficial:
Opposite: Opposite:
2. Proximal: 6. Anterior:
Opposite: Opposite:
3. Lateral: 7. Dorsal:
Opposite: Opposite:
4. Peripheral: 8. Internal:
Opposite: Opposite:
BODY PARTS AND AREAS
1. The accompanying diagrams show anterior and posterior views of the body in anatomic position.
Label the following areas:
Frontal Brachial Inguinal Popliteal Femoral Volar
Temporal Buccal Iliac Cervical Deltoid Plantar
Nasal Orbital Gluteal Mammary Occipital Patellar
Pectoral Parietal Lumbar Cranial Sacral Perineal
Axillary Umbilical
2. Complete the following by choosing the correct directional term from the pair given and by defining each term for a
body area.
1) a) The deltoid area is (medial or lateral) to the cervical area.
b) Deltoid refers to the .
c) Cervical refers to the .
2) a) The femoral area is (proximal or distal) to the patellar area.
b) Femoral refers to the .
c) Patellar refers to the .
3) a) The occipital and lumbar areas are on the (anterior or posterior) side of the body.
b) Occipital refers to the .
c) Lumbar refers to the .
4) a) The pectoral and umbilical areas are on the (dorsal or ventral) side of the body.
b) Pectoral refers to the .
c) Umbilical refers to the .
, Organization and General Plan of the Body 5
5) a) The volar area is (superior or inferior) to the plantar area.
b) Volar refers to the .
c) Plantar refers to the .
,A L G R A WA N Y
6 Organization and General Plan of the Body
6) a) The cutaneous area is (superficial or deep) to the muscles.
b) Cutaneous refers to the .
7) a) The ribs are (internal or external) to the pulmonary area.
b) Pulmonary refers to the .
8) The nerves in the hand are part of the (central or peripheral) nervous system, and the
brain is part of the (central or peripheral) nervous system.
BODY CAVITIES
1. Match each statement with the body cavity(ies) it pertains to.
Some answer lines will have more than one correct letter. Use each letter once; one letter is used twice.
1) Cranial cavity A. Lined with the parietal pleura
B. Contains the spinal cord
2) Thoracic cavity
C. Lined with meninges
3) Spinal cavity D. Contains the heart and lungs
E. Lined with the peritoneum
4) Pelvic cavity
F. Contains the internal reproductive organs and urinary
5) Abdominal cavity bladder
G. Contains the brain
H. The inferior boundary is the diaphragm
I. The superior boundary is the diaphragm
J. Contains the liver and pancreas
2. The following diagram depicts the major body cavities.
Label each numbered cavity.
, Organization and General Plan of the Body 7
BODY SECTIONS
1. Match the following sections with the correct descriptions.
Use each letter once.
1) Sagittal section A. A plane along the long axis of an organ
B. A plane that divides the body into right and left portions
2) Cross section
C. A plane that divides the body into upper and lower
3) Frontal section portions
D. A plane perpendicular to the long axis of an organ
4) Transverse section
E. A plane that divides the body into front and back
5) Longitudinal section portions
2. On the following diagrams, label each plane or section.
WORKBOOK
,Contents
Chapter 1
Organization and General Plan of the Body 1
Chapter 2
Some Basic Chemistry 15
Chapter 3
Cells 30
Chapter 4
Tissues and Membranes 44
Chapter 5
The Integumentary System 56
Chapter 6
The Skeletal System 66
Chapter 7
The Muscular System 89
Chapter 8
The Nervous System 107
Chapter 9
The Senses 130
Chapter 10
The Endocrine System 146
Chapter 11
Blood 168
Chapter 12
The Heart 184
Chapter 13
The Vascular System 199
Chapter 14
The Lymphatic System and Immunity 218
xi
,A L G R A WA N Y
xii Contents
Chapter 15
The Respiratory System 234
Chapter 16
The Digestive System 252
Chapter 17
Body Temperatur e and Metabolism 272
Chapter 18
The Urinary System 283
Chapter 19
Fluid-Electr olyte and Acid-Base Balance 301
Chapter 20
The Repr oductive Systems 313
Chapter 21
Human Development and Genetics 329
Chapter 22
An Intr oduction to Micr obiology and Human Disease 343
Answer Key 353
,Chapter 1
Organization and General
Plan of the Body
This chapter describes how the body is organized, from simple to more complex levels. The terminology
used to describe the body is also presented in this chapter.
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Complete each statement and give appropriate examples.
1. a) The simplest level of organization is the level.
b) Give three examples of organic chemicals. , , and
c) Give three examples of inorganic chemicals. , ,
and
2. a) The most complex level of organization is the level.
b) Give three examples of this level. , ,
and
3. a) The simplest living level of organization is the level.
b) When cells with similar structure and function are grouped and work together, they form a
.
c) A group of tissues that is arranged in a particular way to accomplish specific functions is called an
.
4. Match each group of tissues with its function (a letter) and its example in the body (a number).
Each letter and number are used once.
Epithelial tissue Functions
A. Supports, transports, or stores materials
Connective tissue
B. Contracts and brings about movement
Muscle tissue C. Transmits impulses that regulate body functions
D. Covers or lines surfaces
Nerve tissue
Examples
1. The lining of the stomach and the epidermis of the skin
2. The heart and skeletal muscles
3. Bone, blood
4. Spinal cord, brain
1
,A L G R A WA N Y
2 Organization and General Plan of the Body
5. a) The structure of a tissue or cell or organ is called its . The function of the tissue, cell,
or organ is called its .
b) Describe one way the physiology of a bone (an organ) is related to its anatomy.
6. a) The collective name for all of the beneficial bacteria (and other microorganisms) that live on or in human beings
is or .
b) The different environmental sites the human body provides, and the bacteria that inhabit them, are called
. Give three examples: , , and
METABOLISM AND HOMEOSTASIS
Complete each statement.
1. a) Metabolism is all of the reactions and changes that take place
in the body.
b) The amount of heat and energy produced by the body per unit of time is the .
2. A person who is in a state of homeostasis may also be said to be in a state of good .
3. Homeostasis means that despite constant changes, the body remains relatively .
4. Changes that affect the body may take place where? or
5. For each of the changes listed, describe in simple terms what will happen to maintain homeostasis. (Note: Some
responses may include conscious decisions.)
1) Eating lunch
2) Inhaling
3) Having a headache
4) Cutting your finger
5) Going outside on a cold day
6. Number the following events as they would occur in a negative feedback mechanism.
1 Stimulus
Stimulus occurs again
Response by the body increases
Response by the body decreases
Stimulus is decreased
7. Briefly explain how a positive feedback mechanism differs from a negative feedback mechanism.
, Organization and General Plan of the Body 3
8. The following diagram depicts negative and positive feedback mechanisms.
Label the parts indicated.
Hypothalamus
and pituitary
1 gland
2 6 5
Decreases
secretion of
thyroxine
3
Thyroid gland
4
Metabolic rate Cells increase
Increase secretion
decreases energy
of hormones
production
A. Negative feedback mechanism
Hypothalamus
8
Cells increase Metabolic
heat production rate increases
7
Bacteria
9
Stimulates Inhibits Leads to
B. Positive feedback mechanism
,A L G R A WA N Y
4 Organization and General Plan of the Body
TERMS OF LOCATION
Define each term given and provide the term with the opposite meaning.
1. Inferior: 5. Superficial:
Opposite: Opposite:
2. Proximal: 6. Anterior:
Opposite: Opposite:
3. Lateral: 7. Dorsal:
Opposite: Opposite:
4. Peripheral: 8. Internal:
Opposite: Opposite:
BODY PARTS AND AREAS
1. The accompanying diagrams show anterior and posterior views of the body in anatomic position.
Label the following areas:
Frontal Brachial Inguinal Popliteal Femoral Volar
Temporal Buccal Iliac Cervical Deltoid Plantar
Nasal Orbital Gluteal Mammary Occipital Patellar
Pectoral Parietal Lumbar Cranial Sacral Perineal
Axillary Umbilical
2. Complete the following by choosing the correct directional term from the pair given and by defining each term for a
body area.
1) a) The deltoid area is (medial or lateral) to the cervical area.
b) Deltoid refers to the .
c) Cervical refers to the .
2) a) The femoral area is (proximal or distal) to the patellar area.
b) Femoral refers to the .
c) Patellar refers to the .
3) a) The occipital and lumbar areas are on the (anterior or posterior) side of the body.
b) Occipital refers to the .
c) Lumbar refers to the .
4) a) The pectoral and umbilical areas are on the (dorsal or ventral) side of the body.
b) Pectoral refers to the .
c) Umbilical refers to the .
, Organization and General Plan of the Body 5
5) a) The volar area is (superior or inferior) to the plantar area.
b) Volar refers to the .
c) Plantar refers to the .
,A L G R A WA N Y
6 Organization and General Plan of the Body
6) a) The cutaneous area is (superficial or deep) to the muscles.
b) Cutaneous refers to the .
7) a) The ribs are (internal or external) to the pulmonary area.
b) Pulmonary refers to the .
8) The nerves in the hand are part of the (central or peripheral) nervous system, and the
brain is part of the (central or peripheral) nervous system.
BODY CAVITIES
1. Match each statement with the body cavity(ies) it pertains to.
Some answer lines will have more than one correct letter. Use each letter once; one letter is used twice.
1) Cranial cavity A. Lined with the parietal pleura
B. Contains the spinal cord
2) Thoracic cavity
C. Lined with meninges
3) Spinal cavity D. Contains the heart and lungs
E. Lined with the peritoneum
4) Pelvic cavity
F. Contains the internal reproductive organs and urinary
5) Abdominal cavity bladder
G. Contains the brain
H. The inferior boundary is the diaphragm
I. The superior boundary is the diaphragm
J. Contains the liver and pancreas
2. The following diagram depicts the major body cavities.
Label each numbered cavity.
, Organization and General Plan of the Body 7
BODY SECTIONS
1. Match the following sections with the correct descriptions.
Use each letter once.
1) Sagittal section A. A plane along the long axis of an organ
B. A plane that divides the body into right and left portions
2) Cross section
C. A plane that divides the body into upper and lower
3) Frontal section portions
D. A plane perpendicular to the long axis of an organ
4) Transverse section
E. A plane that divides the body into front and back
5) Longitudinal section portions
2. On the following diagrams, label each plane or section.
