Fluid and Electrolyte Balance Test Exam Questions And Answers Verified 100% Correct

Fluid and Electrolyte Balance Test Exam Questions And Answers Verified 100% Correct High Risk Groups - ANSWER - Infants Elders Post-Op/NPO Vomiting/Diarrhea Diuretics Chronic Disease Elders at Risk - ANSWER - impaired thirst mechanism cause dehydration and inc Na+, inc risk of FVE Chronic Diseases at Risk - ANSWER - Renal Cardiac Endocrine Labs - ANSWER - H&H, Electrolytes, BUN, Urine Specific Gravity, Serum Osmolality, BNP Hgb&Hct Hydration Image - ANSWER - Collaborative Goals for Treating F&E Imbalance - ANSWER - determine underlying cause; correct cause; replace/remove fluid; stabilize pH Hypervolemia - ANSWER - Over-hydration Hypervolemia Etiology - ANSWER - Excessive Na+ intake, compromized regulatory systems (renal, cardiac, endocrine) FVE S/SX - ANSWER - WEIGHT GAIN, VS (inc BP, HR, RR), dyspnea, orthopnea, pitting edema w/ tight shiny skin, JVD, moist crackles, cough, headache, agitation, confusion, labs Edema Image - ANSWER - Hypovolemia - ANSWER - Dehydration Hypovolemia Etiology - ANSWER - loss of water and Na+ (vomiting, diarrhea, diaphoresis, diuretics), decreased intake (NPO, anorexia, dysphagia) FVD S/SX - ANSWER - negative I&O balance, concentrated urine, inc specific gravity, wt loss, dry skin/mucous membranes, poor skin turgor, tenting 20-30sec, weakness, restlessness, confusion, concentrated Hct and electrolytes Severe FVD S/SX - ANSWER - dec cardiac output, possible shock, slow pupil response, dec movement of extremities & muscle strength FVE vs FVD Image - ANSWER - Intracellular Cations - ANSWER - (+) mostly K & small amts of Mg and Na Intracellular Anions - ANSWER - (-) mostly phosphate & protein w/ small amts chloride and bicarb Extracellular Cations - ANSWER - mainly Na w/ small amts of K, Ca, and Mg Extracellular Anions - ANSWER - mostly chloride, some proteins, w/ small amts of bicarb, sulfate, & phosphate Sodium Na+ - ANSWER - 135-145 mEq/L aids in generation & transmission of nerve impulses; main cation in ECF Hyponatremia - ANSWER - 135 mEq/L GI losses, Skin losses, Diuretics, Water Excess Hyponatremia Assessment Findings - ANSWER - headache, lethargy, irritability, apprehension, confusion, seizures, coma, muscle weakness, s/sx of dehydration Hyponatremia Image - ANSWER - Hypernatremia - ANSWER - 145 mEq/L Na+ gain, concentrated ingestion, enteral feedings, excess IV, water loss Hypernatremia Assessment Findings - ANSWER - dry, swollen tongue, mucous membranes, flushed skin, intense thirst, fever, restlessness, agitation, seizures, pulmonary edema, specific gravity 1.03 Hypernatremia Image - ANSWER - Potassium K+ - ANSWER - 3.5-5.0 needed for conduction of nerve impulses, normal cardiac rhythm, and muscle contraction Hypokalemia - ANSWER - 3.5 diaphoresis, dialysis, alkalosis, excess aldosterone, dec K+ dietary intake Hypokalemia Assessment Findings - ANSWER - fatigue, muscle weakness, leg cramps, nausea, vomiting, paresthesias, polyuria, hyperglycemia, cardiac arrhythmias, lethargy Hypokalemia Image - ANSWER - Hyperkalemia - ANSWER - 5.0 excess intake in diet, IV, salt substitutes, meds, hypovolemia, blood transfusions Hyperkalemia Assessment Findings - ANSWER - irritability, anxiety, weakness LE, paresthesia, abdominal cramping, diarrhea, dysrhythmias Hyperkalemia Image - ANSWER - Calcium Ca+ - ANSWER - 8.5-10.2 aids in transmission of nerve impulses, myocardial contractions, blood clotting, formation of teeth and bone, muscle contractions Calcium balance controlled by: - ANSWER - Parathyroid hormone Calcitonin Vit. D Hypercalcemia - ANSWER - 10.2 hyperparathyroidism, cancer, prolonged immobilization Hypercalcemia Assessment Findings - ANSWER - lethargy, weakness, depressed reflexes, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, polyuria, dehydration, bone pain, fractures Hypercalcemia Image - ANSWER - Hypocalcemia - ANSWER - 8.5 dec PTH, CRF, acute pancreatitis, loop diuretics,alcoholism, diarrhea, laxative abuse, dec albumin Hypocalcemia Assessment FIndings - ANSWER - fatigue, depression, anxiety, confusion, numbness/tingling in extremities and around mouth, dysphagia, hyperreflexia, muscle cramps Hypocalcemia Image - ANSWER - Phosphorus Po+ - ANSWER - 3.0-4.5 mg/dL activating vit and enzymes, forming adenosine triphosphate, and assisting in cell growth and metabolism