Fluid And Electrolyte Balance Test Exam Questions And Answers Verified 100% Correct

Fluid And Electrolyte Balance Test Exam Questions And Answers Verified 100% Correct Discuss electrolyte imbalances. - ANSWER - disrupt fluid balance, and acid-base regulation, disrupt the enzyme reactions and neuromuscular reactions Describe the functions of potassium (K+). - ANSWER - REGULATING INTRACELLULAR FLUID OSMOLALITY, TRANSMITTING NERVE AND OTHER ELECTRICAL IMPULSES, REGULATING CARDIAC IMPULSE TRANSMISSION AND MUSCLE CONTRACTION, SKELETAL AND SMOOTH MUSCLE FUNCTION, REGULATING ACID-BASE BALANCE. the ratio of intracellular to extracellular potassium must be maintained for neuromuscular response to stimuli. Identify the etiology of hypokalemia and hyperkalemia. - ANSWER - HYPER-Renal failure,Hypoaldosteronism, Type 4 renal tubular acidosis, Adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease),Sickle cell anemia, Insulin deficiency, Certain medications, Acidosis, Rhabdomyolysis, Traumatic venipuncture, Severe leukocytosis HYPO-Non potassiumsparing diuretics, Certain antibiotics, Alcoholism Osmotic diuresis, induced hypertension, Malignant hypertension, Renovascular hypertension, Renin-secreting tumor, Excessive licorice ingestion, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, acidosis, Catecholamine excess, Leukemia, Beta-adrenergic agonists, Trauma Discuss the clinical assessment findings in the patient experiencing potassium imbalances. - ANSWER - HYPO- MUSCLE WEAKNESS, leg cramps, fatigue and lethargy, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, decreased bowel sounds, cardiac dysrhythmias, depressed tendon reflexes, weak and irregular pulses, HYPER-gastrointestinal hyperactivity, diarrhea, irritability, apathy, confusion, cardiac dysrhythmias or arrest, MUSCLE WEAKNESS, areflexia, decreased heart rate, irregular pulse, paresthesias and numbness in extremities. Identify common lab/diagnostic findings of the patient with a potassium imbalance. - ANSWER - peaked T wave or flattening. serum potassium levels lower than 3.5 or higher than 5.0 mEq/L... widened QRS or ST segment depression on ECG Formulate common nursing diagnoses of patients with a potassium imbalance. - ANSWER - muscle weakness R/T K imbalance, K imbalance R/T diuretics Discuss the treatment and nursing interventions of a patient with a potassium imbalance. - ANSWER - HYPOKALEMIA-monitor heart rate and rhythm,esp. for patients receiving digitalis. administer foods with K, teach patients about K rich foods, and how to prevent excessive K loss (through the abuse of laxatives and diuretics) HYPERKALEMIA-closely monitor cardiac status and ECG, administer diuretics and other medications as ordered, hold K supplements and K conserving diuretics, monitor K levels carefully and watch for a rapid drop that occurs when K shifts into cells. Discuss the functions of sodium - ANSWER - regulating EFC volume and distribution, maintaining blood volume, transmitting nerve impulses and contracting muscles. Identify the etiology of hypernatremia and hyponatremia. - ANSWER - HYPO- gastrointestinal fluid loss, sweating, use of diuretics, gain of water, excessive D5W administration, Syndrome of inappropriate ADH, head injury, AIDS, malignant tumors HYPER-Loss of water, gain of sodium, diabetes insipidus, heat stroke Discuss the clinical assessment findings in the patient experiencing sodium imbalances. - ANSWER - HYPONATREMIA- lethargy, confusion, apprehension, muscle twitching abdominal cramps, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, headache, seizures, coma, HYPERNATREMIA- THIRST, DRY STICKY MUCUS MEMBRANES, TONGUE RED DRY AND SWOLLEN, WEAKNESS, all of the above Identify common lab/diagnostic findings of the patient with a sodium imbalance. - ANSWER - serum sodium level below 135 or above 145 Formulate common nursing diagnoses of patients with a sodium imbalance - ANSWER - risk for electrolyte imbalance, risk for fluid volume excess or imbalance, fluid volume deficit, teaching needed Discuss the treatment and nursing interventions of a patient with a sodium imbalance. - ANSWER - assess clinical manifestations, monitor I/O, monitor lab values, limit water intake, encourage foods with a lot of salt. Discuss the functions of calcium - ANSWER - forming bones and teeth, transmitting nerve impulses, regulating muscle contractions, maintaining cardiac pace-maker, blood clotting. Identify the etiology of hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia. - ANSWER - HYPERCALCEMIA- prolonged immobilization conditions such as hyperparathyroidism, malignancy of the bone, paget's disease, HYPOCALCEMIA- surgical removal of the parathyroid glands, hypoparathyroidism, Inadequate vitamin D intake, malabsorption, alcoholism, alkalosis, sepsis. Align discuss the clinical assessment findings in the patient experiencing a calcium imbalance. - ANSWER - HYPOCALCEMIA- numbness and tingling of the extremities, and around the mouth, muscle tremors, cramps; if severe can lead to tetany and convulsions. cardiac dysrhythmias, decreased cardiac output, confusion and anxiety, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, HYPERCALCEMIA- lethargy, weakness, depressed tendon reflexes, bone pain, anorexia, N/V, constipation, Identify common lab/diagnostic findings in the patient with a calcium imbalance. - ANSWER - serum calcium less than 4.5 mEq/ml lengthened QT intervals, prolonged ST intervals hypercalcemia- serum calcium greater than 5.5, shortened ST intervals and shortened QT intervals Give examples of common nursing diagnoses of the patient with a calcium imbalance. - ANSWER - decreased cardiac output related to calcium imbalance Discuss the treatment and nursing interventions of patients with a calcium imbalance. - ANSWER - HYPOCALCEMIA-closely monitor cardiac status, ECG, respiratory status, and monitor the confused patient, closely monitor cardiac status and ECG during infusion if IV Discuss fluid imbalances. - ANSWER - their are two basic types of fluid imbalances. --- ISOTONIC (water and electrolytes are lost or gained in equal portions, OSMOLALITY OF BODY FLUIDS REMAINS CONSTANT) and -OSMOLAR (the loss or gain of only water, OSMOLALITY OF THE SERUM IS ALTERED) Define fluid volume excess - ANSWER - (Hypervolemia)- the body retains both water and sodium in similar proportions to normal ECF. Because both water and sodium are retained, the serum sodium concentration remains essentially normal and the excess volume of fluid is ISOTONIC. Discuss the possible etiology of fluid volume excess - ANSWER - -excessive intake of sodium chloride (meds or food; fleet's enema, sodium bicarbonate, or alka-seltzer -administering sodium infusions too rapidly -heart failure, renal failure, cirrhosis of the liver and Cushing's syndrome Describe the clinical assessment findings in the patient with fluid volume excess. - ANSWER - -WEIGHT GAIN (2% mild FVE, 5% moderate, 8% severe) -I/O (fluid intake greater than output), -FULL BOUNDING PULSES , -TACHYCARDIA, -INCREASED BP and VENOUS PRESSURE, -DISTENDED NECK VEINS,