NURS 507 Exam I Study Guide Questions Answered Correctly Rated A+
Cognitive Error - Answers A mistake in reasoning, perception, memory, or judgment that can lead to
diagnostic inaccuracies.
Anchoring bias - Answers The tendency to lock into initial salient features in a patient's presentation,
potentially leading to diagnostic errors by failing to consider later information.
Availability heuristic - Answers The assumption that a diagnosis is more likely if it readily comes to mind,
potentially leading to overlooking less obvious but more accurate diagnoses.
Confirmation bias - Answers The tendency to seek evidence that supports a diagnosis while ignoring
contradictory information, potentially leading to misdiagnosis.
Diagnostic momentum - Answers The inclination to prioritize a diagnosis made by previous clinicians,
potentially leading to overlooking alternative explanations.
Framing effect - Answers The influence of how information about a problem is presented, potentially
leading to biased interpretations and decisions.
Representation error - Answers The failure to consider prevalence when estimating the probability of a
diagnosis, potentially leading to inaccurate assessments.
Visceral bias - Answers The influence of positive or negative feelings toward patients on diagnostic
decisions, potentially leading to biased judgments.
Primary prevention - Answers Strategies aimed at preventing disease through immunizations, medical
procedures, and behavioral counseling.
Secondary prevention - Answers Interventions and screening tests designed to detect diseases or
processes in their early stages.
Levels of evidence BEST - Answers Systematic reviews
Worst Level of vidence - Answers expert opinion
SnNOUT - Answers A sensitive test with a negative result that can effectively rule out disease.
SpPIN - Answers A specific test with a positive result that can effectively rule in disease.
Kappa Score - Answers A measure of agreement beyond chance in diagnostic testing.
Likelihood ratio interpretation - Answers The probability of obtaining a given test result in a diseased
patient divided by the probability of obtaining the same result in a non-diseased patient.
Nonmaleficence - Answers do no harm
Beneficence - Answers Doing good or causing good to be done; kindly action
, Respect autonomy - Answers One of the core ethical principles : means to promote one's independence
or self-sufficiency.
decisional capacity - Answers the ability to make right choices for oneself as they relate to medical care
informed consent - Answers an ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable
them to choose whether they wish to participate
truth telling - Answers involves providing enough information so that a patient can make an informed
decision about his or her health care.
Justice - Answers Respecting the rights of others and giving them what is rightfully theirs
Relative Risk - Answers The probability of an outcome in the intervention group compared to the
probability of the same outcome in the control group.
Relative risk difference - Answers Describes the proportion of baseline risk reduced or increased with
therapy.
Absolute risk difference - Answers The difference in outcome rates between comparison groups.
selection bias - Answers when comparison groups have systemic differences in their baseline
characteristics
performance bias - Answers Bias that occurs due to systematic differences in care between treatment
groups or in exposure to factors other than the intervention being studied.
detection bias - Answers systematic differences between groups in how outcomes are determined
Attrition bias - Answers refers to the systematic loss or withdrawal of participants from follow-up
Physical exam courtesy - Answers Ensuring patient privacy, comfort, clear instructions, and respectful
positioning and draping during physical examinations.
Subjective data - Answers things a person tells you about that you cannot observe through your senses;
symptoms
objective data - Answers information that is seen, heard, felt, or smelled by an observer; signs
OPQRST - Answers A mnemonic for assessing patient symptoms: Onset, Provocation/Palliation, Quality,
Region/Radiation, Severity, and Timing.
Cage questionnaire score - Answers two or more affirmative answers
CAGE questionnaire - Answers A tool for assessing alcohol abuse: Cutting down, Annoyance when
criticized, Guilty feelings, Eye openers.
Cognitive Error - Answers A mistake in reasoning, perception, memory, or judgment that can lead to
diagnostic inaccuracies.
Anchoring bias - Answers The tendency to lock into initial salient features in a patient's presentation,
potentially leading to diagnostic errors by failing to consider later information.
Availability heuristic - Answers The assumption that a diagnosis is more likely if it readily comes to mind,
potentially leading to overlooking less obvious but more accurate diagnoses.
Confirmation bias - Answers The tendency to seek evidence that supports a diagnosis while ignoring
contradictory information, potentially leading to misdiagnosis.
Diagnostic momentum - Answers The inclination to prioritize a diagnosis made by previous clinicians,
potentially leading to overlooking alternative explanations.
Framing effect - Answers The influence of how information about a problem is presented, potentially
leading to biased interpretations and decisions.
Representation error - Answers The failure to consider prevalence when estimating the probability of a
diagnosis, potentially leading to inaccurate assessments.
Visceral bias - Answers The influence of positive or negative feelings toward patients on diagnostic
decisions, potentially leading to biased judgments.
Primary prevention - Answers Strategies aimed at preventing disease through immunizations, medical
procedures, and behavioral counseling.
Secondary prevention - Answers Interventions and screening tests designed to detect diseases or
processes in their early stages.
Levels of evidence BEST - Answers Systematic reviews
Worst Level of vidence - Answers expert opinion
SnNOUT - Answers A sensitive test with a negative result that can effectively rule out disease.
SpPIN - Answers A specific test with a positive result that can effectively rule in disease.
Kappa Score - Answers A measure of agreement beyond chance in diagnostic testing.
Likelihood ratio interpretation - Answers The probability of obtaining a given test result in a diseased
patient divided by the probability of obtaining the same result in a non-diseased patient.
Nonmaleficence - Answers do no harm
Beneficence - Answers Doing good or causing good to be done; kindly action
, Respect autonomy - Answers One of the core ethical principles : means to promote one's independence
or self-sufficiency.
decisional capacity - Answers the ability to make right choices for oneself as they relate to medical care
informed consent - Answers an ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable
them to choose whether they wish to participate
truth telling - Answers involves providing enough information so that a patient can make an informed
decision about his or her health care.
Justice - Answers Respecting the rights of others and giving them what is rightfully theirs
Relative Risk - Answers The probability of an outcome in the intervention group compared to the
probability of the same outcome in the control group.
Relative risk difference - Answers Describes the proportion of baseline risk reduced or increased with
therapy.
Absolute risk difference - Answers The difference in outcome rates between comparison groups.
selection bias - Answers when comparison groups have systemic differences in their baseline
characteristics
performance bias - Answers Bias that occurs due to systematic differences in care between treatment
groups or in exposure to factors other than the intervention being studied.
detection bias - Answers systematic differences between groups in how outcomes are determined
Attrition bias - Answers refers to the systematic loss or withdrawal of participants from follow-up
Physical exam courtesy - Answers Ensuring patient privacy, comfort, clear instructions, and respectful
positioning and draping during physical examinations.
Subjective data - Answers things a person tells you about that you cannot observe through your senses;
symptoms
objective data - Answers information that is seen, heard, felt, or smelled by an observer; signs
OPQRST - Answers A mnemonic for assessing patient symptoms: Onset, Provocation/Palliation, Quality,
Region/Radiation, Severity, and Timing.
Cage questionnaire score - Answers two or more affirmative answers
CAGE questionnaire - Answers A tool for assessing alcohol abuse: Cutting down, Annoyance when
criticized, Guilty feelings, Eye openers.
