Anatomy and Physiology 2025 Full Study Guide / Verified Notes,
Diagrams & Key Concepts for A+ Exam Results
Rasmussen University
Digestive System Function
The digestive system function involves the breakdown of food into nutrients that can be absorbed
into the bloodstream and utilized by the body for energy, growth, and cellular repair.
SNtomach Layers from inside to outside
The stomach layers consist of four main layers: the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and
serosa
Salivary Glands and locations
The major salivary glands include
the parotid - Just in front and below the ear
The submandibular - Beneath the jaw
sublingual glands - under the tongue
Cardiac Sphincter
A muscular valve located between the esophagus and the stomach that prevents the backflow of
stomach contents into the esophagus.
Pyloric Sphincter
A muscular valve located at the lower end of the stomach that controls the passage of partially
digested food into the small intestine.
Parts of the stomach
The stomach is divided into four main parts: the cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus.
Parts of the small intestine
The small intestine is divided into three segments: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
Parts of the large intestine
The large intestine is divided into several sections: the cecum, colon (which includes the
ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid parts), rectum, and anus
Appendix
,A small, tube-like structure attached to the cecum of the large intestine, it is considered an
accessory organ and is typically 8 - 10 cm long
Terminal Ileum / Ileocecal valve
The terminal ileum is the final section of the ileum where it connects to the cecum of the large
intestine and contains the ileocecal valve that regulates the flow of material between the ileum
and cecum.
final section of the ileum where it connects to the cecum of the large intestine and contains
the ileocecal valve that regulates the flow of material between the ileum and cecum.
Terminal Ileum
The terminal ileum is the final section of the ileum where it connects to the cecum of the
large intestine and contains the ___ that regulates the flow of material between the ileum
and cecum.
ileocecal valve
A small, tube-like structure attached to the cecum of the large intestine, it is considered an
accessory organ and is typically 8 - 10 cm long
appendix
A muscular valve located between the esophagus and the stomach that prevents the
backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus.
Cardiac sphincter
A muscular valve located at the lower end of the stomach that controls the passage of
partially digested food into the small intestine.
Pyloric sphincter
The ___ system function involves the breakdown of food into nutrients that can be
absorbed into the bloodstream and utilized by the body for energy, growth, and cellular
repair.
digestive
A
Cardia
B
Fundus
C
, Body
D
Pylorus
A
Mucosa
B
Submucosa
C
Muscularis
D
Serosa
A
Parotid
B
Submandibular
C
Sublingual
Hepatic Flexure
The bend in the colon where the ascending colon transitions into the transverse colon, located
near the liver.
Splenic Flexure
The bend in the colon between the transverse and descending colon, located near the spleen.
The bend in the colon between the transverse and descending colon, located near the
spleen.
Splenic Flexure
The bend in the colon where the ascending colon transitions into the transverse colon,
located near the liver.
Hepatic Flexure
Diagrams & Key Concepts for A+ Exam Results
Rasmussen University
Digestive System Function
The digestive system function involves the breakdown of food into nutrients that can be absorbed
into the bloodstream and utilized by the body for energy, growth, and cellular repair.
SNtomach Layers from inside to outside
The stomach layers consist of four main layers: the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and
serosa
Salivary Glands and locations
The major salivary glands include
the parotid - Just in front and below the ear
The submandibular - Beneath the jaw
sublingual glands - under the tongue
Cardiac Sphincter
A muscular valve located between the esophagus and the stomach that prevents the backflow of
stomach contents into the esophagus.
Pyloric Sphincter
A muscular valve located at the lower end of the stomach that controls the passage of partially
digested food into the small intestine.
Parts of the stomach
The stomach is divided into four main parts: the cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus.
Parts of the small intestine
The small intestine is divided into three segments: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
Parts of the large intestine
The large intestine is divided into several sections: the cecum, colon (which includes the
ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid parts), rectum, and anus
Appendix
,A small, tube-like structure attached to the cecum of the large intestine, it is considered an
accessory organ and is typically 8 - 10 cm long
Terminal Ileum / Ileocecal valve
The terminal ileum is the final section of the ileum where it connects to the cecum of the large
intestine and contains the ileocecal valve that regulates the flow of material between the ileum
and cecum.
final section of the ileum where it connects to the cecum of the large intestine and contains
the ileocecal valve that regulates the flow of material between the ileum and cecum.
Terminal Ileum
The terminal ileum is the final section of the ileum where it connects to the cecum of the
large intestine and contains the ___ that regulates the flow of material between the ileum
and cecum.
ileocecal valve
A small, tube-like structure attached to the cecum of the large intestine, it is considered an
accessory organ and is typically 8 - 10 cm long
appendix
A muscular valve located between the esophagus and the stomach that prevents the
backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus.
Cardiac sphincter
A muscular valve located at the lower end of the stomach that controls the passage of
partially digested food into the small intestine.
Pyloric sphincter
The ___ system function involves the breakdown of food into nutrients that can be
absorbed into the bloodstream and utilized by the body for energy, growth, and cellular
repair.
digestive
A
Cardia
B
Fundus
C
, Body
D
Pylorus
A
Mucosa
B
Submucosa
C
Muscularis
D
Serosa
A
Parotid
B
Submandibular
C
Sublingual
Hepatic Flexure
The bend in the colon where the ascending colon transitions into the transverse colon, located
near the liver.
Splenic Flexure
The bend in the colon between the transverse and descending colon, located near the spleen.
The bend in the colon between the transverse and descending colon, located near the
spleen.
Splenic Flexure
The bend in the colon where the ascending colon transitions into the transverse colon,
located near the liver.
Hepatic Flexure
