NIRAMAY SHARMA
CHEMICAl BONDING
CHEMICAl BONDING ............................................................................................. 1
Chemical Bonding - Class 11 Short Notes.................................................................. 1
1. Introduction to Chemical Bonding...................................................................... 1
2. Types of Chemical Bonds ................................................................................. 2
A. Ionic Bond (Electrovalent Bond)...................................................................... 2
B. Covalent Bond............................................................................................. 2
C. Coordinate Bond (Dative Bond) ...................................................................... 3
3. Lewis Dot Structures ....................................................................................... 3
4. VSEPR Theory (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion) ........................................... 3
5. Valence Bond Theory (VBT) ............................................................................... 4
6. Hybridization.................................................................................................. 4
7. Molecular Orbital Theory (MOT) ......................................................................... 5
8. Hydrogen Bonding ........................................................................................... 5
9. Metallic Bonding ............................................................................................. 6
10. Important Formulas and Concepts ................................................................... 6
Quick Tips for Exams........................................................................................... 6
Common Mistakes to Avoid.................................................................................. 7
1. Introduction to Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bond: The attractive force that holds atoms together in a molecule or
compound.
Why do atoms form bonds?
NIRAMAY SHARMA
, NIRAMAY SHARMA
• To achieve stable electronic configuration (noble gas configuration)
• To lower their energy and become more stable
2. Types of Chemical Bonds
A. Ionic Bond (Electrovalent Bond)
• Definition: Bond formed by complete transfer of electrons from one atom to
another
• Formation: Between metal and non-metal atoms
• Conditions:
o Large difference in electronegativity (>1.7)
o Low ionization energy of metal
o High electron affinity of non-metal
Properties of Ionic Compounds:
• High melting and boiling points
• Conduct electricity in molten state or aqueous solution
• Soluble in polar solvents (water)
• Hard and brittle
• Form crystalline solids
Examples: NaCl, MgO, CaF₂, K₂O
B. Covalent Bond
• Definition: Bond formed by sharing of electrons between atoms
• Formation: Between non-metal atoms
• Types:
o Single bond: Sharing of 1 electron pair (H-H)
o Double bond: Sharing of 2 electron pairs (O=O)
o Triple bond: Sharing of 3 electron pairs (N≡N)
Properties of Covalent Compounds:
• Low melting and boiling points
• Do not conduct electricity
NIRAMAY SHARMA
CHEMICAl BONDING
CHEMICAl BONDING ............................................................................................. 1
Chemical Bonding - Class 11 Short Notes.................................................................. 1
1. Introduction to Chemical Bonding...................................................................... 1
2. Types of Chemical Bonds ................................................................................. 2
A. Ionic Bond (Electrovalent Bond)...................................................................... 2
B. Covalent Bond............................................................................................. 2
C. Coordinate Bond (Dative Bond) ...................................................................... 3
3. Lewis Dot Structures ....................................................................................... 3
4. VSEPR Theory (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion) ........................................... 3
5. Valence Bond Theory (VBT) ............................................................................... 4
6. Hybridization.................................................................................................. 4
7. Molecular Orbital Theory (MOT) ......................................................................... 5
8. Hydrogen Bonding ........................................................................................... 5
9. Metallic Bonding ............................................................................................. 6
10. Important Formulas and Concepts ................................................................... 6
Quick Tips for Exams........................................................................................... 6
Common Mistakes to Avoid.................................................................................. 7
1. Introduction to Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bond: The attractive force that holds atoms together in a molecule or
compound.
Why do atoms form bonds?
NIRAMAY SHARMA
, NIRAMAY SHARMA
• To achieve stable electronic configuration (noble gas configuration)
• To lower their energy and become more stable
2. Types of Chemical Bonds
A. Ionic Bond (Electrovalent Bond)
• Definition: Bond formed by complete transfer of electrons from one atom to
another
• Formation: Between metal and non-metal atoms
• Conditions:
o Large difference in electronegativity (>1.7)
o Low ionization energy of metal
o High electron affinity of non-metal
Properties of Ionic Compounds:
• High melting and boiling points
• Conduct electricity in molten state or aqueous solution
• Soluble in polar solvents (water)
• Hard and brittle
• Form crystalline solids
Examples: NaCl, MgO, CaF₂, K₂O
B. Covalent Bond
• Definition: Bond formed by sharing of electrons between atoms
• Formation: Between non-metal atoms
• Types:
o Single bond: Sharing of 1 electron pair (H-H)
o Double bond: Sharing of 2 electron pairs (O=O)
o Triple bond: Sharing of 3 electron pairs (N≡N)
Properties of Covalent Compounds:
• Low melting and boiling points
• Do not conduct electricity
NIRAMAY SHARMA
