NR 503-MIDTERM EXAM 2024-2025
4 Types of Causation - Answers>>1) Necessary-disease only occurs is disease is
present
2) Sufficient-Exposure always leads to disease
3) Necessary BUT not sufficient: factors happen in a temporal sequence.
4) Sufficient BUT not necessary: A specific factor can cause a disease process, but
other factors can cause the same disease.
5) Neither sufficient NOR necessary: Specific factor can be combined with other factors
to produce a disease
6 ways to establish causation - Answers>>1) Temporal relationship-associated factor
must be present before the disease
2) Strength of association-The stronger the relationship, the more likely it is casual
3)Dose-response relationship-dose increases, so does the risk of development of the
disease
4)replication of findings-findings can be found repeated in other studies
5) Biological plausibility-current knowledge on the factor or exposure and the response
of the human body on the cellular level is consistent with the findings
Absolute Risk - Answers>>Incidence of a disease in a population
Active Surviellance - Answers>>Case by case basis
Each specific person's information is entered into a database.
Aggregate - Answers>>defined population
Analytic Study Methods - Answers>>Consists of observational and experimental
Case control and cohort
Attributable risk - Answers>>how much of the risk (incidence) of the disease we hope to
prevent if able to eliminate exposure to the agent in question
Best way to establish causation - Answers>>Observation of humans who have a trait,
factor, or exposure, and so on.
, Campaign for Action - Answers>>Movement to utilize medical professionals,(especially)
nurses, to increase overall satisfaction with their medical care
Utilized interdisciplinary care within the healthcare realm to assist patients in a holistic
approach to ensure positive patient outcomes.
To double the number of nurses with their DNP by 2020-diversifies the field, encourage
leadership within nursing, assisting with continued nursing education.
Uses primary care to assist with preventable measures by education
Case-control study - Answers>>comparing groups with and without the disease
compared with past exposures that are RARE
if high odds of exposure then this is an ASSOCIATION
Large populations AND when disease outcome is uncommon
less reliable, inexpensive, easy to conduct, works well with outbreaks
too many confounding variables which alter results
ex: link between lung cancer to smoking
Cases - Answers>>Criterion used to make decisions whether the patient has a disease
or health event
Causation - Answers>>cause of the disease or issue process
An increase in a casual factor or exposure causes an increase in the outcome of
disease
Primary: use of flu vaccinations
Secondary: Test for influenza
Tertiary: giving Tamiflu to a positive flu patient
Clinical significance - Answers>>Referring results that have clinical significance
Cohort study - Answers>>identifies a group exposed to a particular factor AND a
comparison group not exposed AND measures/compares the incidence of disease to
the two groups
Great for outbreaks in small populations
4 Types of Causation - Answers>>1) Necessary-disease only occurs is disease is
present
2) Sufficient-Exposure always leads to disease
3) Necessary BUT not sufficient: factors happen in a temporal sequence.
4) Sufficient BUT not necessary: A specific factor can cause a disease process, but
other factors can cause the same disease.
5) Neither sufficient NOR necessary: Specific factor can be combined with other factors
to produce a disease
6 ways to establish causation - Answers>>1) Temporal relationship-associated factor
must be present before the disease
2) Strength of association-The stronger the relationship, the more likely it is casual
3)Dose-response relationship-dose increases, so does the risk of development of the
disease
4)replication of findings-findings can be found repeated in other studies
5) Biological plausibility-current knowledge on the factor or exposure and the response
of the human body on the cellular level is consistent with the findings
Absolute Risk - Answers>>Incidence of a disease in a population
Active Surviellance - Answers>>Case by case basis
Each specific person's information is entered into a database.
Aggregate - Answers>>defined population
Analytic Study Methods - Answers>>Consists of observational and experimental
Case control and cohort
Attributable risk - Answers>>how much of the risk (incidence) of the disease we hope to
prevent if able to eliminate exposure to the agent in question
Best way to establish causation - Answers>>Observation of humans who have a trait,
factor, or exposure, and so on.
, Campaign for Action - Answers>>Movement to utilize medical professionals,(especially)
nurses, to increase overall satisfaction with their medical care
Utilized interdisciplinary care within the healthcare realm to assist patients in a holistic
approach to ensure positive patient outcomes.
To double the number of nurses with their DNP by 2020-diversifies the field, encourage
leadership within nursing, assisting with continued nursing education.
Uses primary care to assist with preventable measures by education
Case-control study - Answers>>comparing groups with and without the disease
compared with past exposures that are RARE
if high odds of exposure then this is an ASSOCIATION
Large populations AND when disease outcome is uncommon
less reliable, inexpensive, easy to conduct, works well with outbreaks
too many confounding variables which alter results
ex: link between lung cancer to smoking
Cases - Answers>>Criterion used to make decisions whether the patient has a disease
or health event
Causation - Answers>>cause of the disease or issue process
An increase in a casual factor or exposure causes an increase in the outcome of
disease
Primary: use of flu vaccinations
Secondary: Test for influenza
Tertiary: giving Tamiflu to a positive flu patient
Clinical significance - Answers>>Referring results that have clinical significance
Cohort study - Answers>>identifies a group exposed to a particular factor AND a
comparison group not exposed AND measures/compares the incidence of disease to
the two groups
Great for outbreaks in small populations
